Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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MBBS, MD (Pathology),
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On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
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Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
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On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2010 | Month : August | Volume : 4 | Issue : 4 | Page : 2679 - 2684 Full Version

Existence of Metallo beta lactamases in carbapenem susceptible gram negative bacilli: a cause for concern


Published: August 1, 2010 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2010/.804
G RENU*, T RAJEEV**, S SMITA**

*MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi-95. **MD, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi-95. ***MD, Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Delhi-95.

Correspondence Address :
Dr Renu Goyal, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, INDIA, Phone numbers: 9868396833, E-mail address renugoyal_123@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Background: Metallo-ß-lactamases (MBLs) have been increasingly recognized among imipenem resistant isolates, but they also appear to exist in imipenem susceptible isolates. These undetected hidden MBLs in sensitive isolates can spread unnoticed in hospitals if such isolates are reported susceptible to carbepenem without screening for the presence of MBLs. The laboratory detection of such isolates is crucial as they pose a serious therapeutic challenge.
Aims: The aim of our study was to detect MBLs in both the imipenem resistant and sensitive isolates by using combination of available phenotypic methods.
Settings and design: This was a hospital based prospective study which was carried out in a tertiary neuropsychiatric centre from April 2008 to April 2009.
Methods and Material: A total of 130 gram negative isolates (50 imipenem sensitive, 30 imipenem intermediate and 50 imipenem resistant by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method) were tested for the presence of MBLs by the double disk synergy test (imipenem, EDTA 750µg/ml), the combined disk test (imipenem, imipenem + EDTA 750µg/ml) and the MBL E test strip.
Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics was used and the percentages of MBLs carrying imipenem resistant and sensitive isolates were calculated.
Results: MBLs were detected in 11 (20%) imipenem sensitive isolates. Out of these 11 imipenem sensitive MBL producing strains, 8 were from the imipenem sensitive category and 3 were from the intermediate category. These 3 isolates in the intermediate category had MIC for imipenem in the sensitive range (MIC ≤4 ug/ml) by E test method. All the MBL carrying imipenem sensitive isolates had zone diameters in between 16 to 22 mm by the Kirby Baeur disc diffusion method. Among the imipenem resistant isolates, 38 isolates were MBL producers (32 from the imipenem resistant category and 6 from the intermediate category).
Conclusions: This study reports the existence of MBLs in carbapenem susceptible organisms and proposes that gram negative bacterial isolates having an imipenem zone diameter ≤22mm by the disk diffusion method should be routinely screened for presence of MBLs.

Keywords

Metallo-ß-lactamases (MBLs), antibiotic resistance, imipenem, Double disk synergy test (DDST)

INTRODUCTION
Till the emergence of the carbapenemases, carbapenems were the drugs of choice for penicillin resistant or cephalosporin resistant gram negative bacilli; as these were stable to hydrolysis by most β-lactamases (extended-spectrum and AmpC ß-lactamases).(1),(2) These carbapenemases are most often metallo-ß-lactamases (MBLs) which are capable of hydrolyzing not only carbapenems, but also all ß-lactam antibiotics except aztreonam.(1),(2),(3) MBLs are resistant to classical β-lactamase inhibitors, but are susceptible to EDTA and thiol-based compounds.(4)(5),(6),(7) IMP-1 MBL was first reported from Japan, from Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, after which several variants of MBLs like IMP 1 (IMP-2 to 9), VIM, SPM and GIM have been detected and characterized worldwide. (1),(2),(6),(10)Although scanty data is available on the overall prevalence of these enzymes among clinical isolates, a particular concern is that acquired MBL genes are located on integron structures that reside on mobile genetic elements such as plasmids or transposons and can widely disseminate in hospitals.(8)
These MBLs, as thought earlier, are just not restricted to the carbapenem resistant strains, but some recent reports have argued about their presence in carbapenem susceptible organisms also.(11),(12) As seen with extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC type lactamases with cephalosporins, MBL carrying organisms can appear to be susceptible to carbapenems by current clinical and laboratory standard guidelines.(13) These carbapenem susceptible organisms with hidden MBL genes can spread unnoticed in hospitals if such isolates are reported as sensitive without screening for the presence of MBLs. The treatment of these organisms pose a serious therapeutic challenge as these strains are most often resistant to multiple drugs and can spread unnoticed in hospitals along with other hospital related organisms.(1),(2) The laboratory detection of carbapenem susceptible MBL carrying organisms is of significant clinical importance in order to stop their uncontrolled spread.
The present study was undertaken to detect metallo- β- lactamases in carbapenem resistant and susceptible isolates by the double-disk synergy test (DDST), combined-disk test (CDT) and an MBL Etest strip

Material and Methods

Bacterial strains: A total of 50 consecutive, non repeat, IMP-resistant (Zone diameter ≤13), 30 intermediate (Zone diameter 14-15mm) and 50 IMP sensitive (zone diameter ≥16) gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from various clinical specimens were included in the study.(13) All the isolates were characterized up to the species level by using standard microbiological techniques.(14) A list of the bacterial strains which were tested and their source of isolation is shown in Table 1.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for all the bacterial isolates by using commercially available disks (Himedia, Mumbai, India) in accordance with the CLSI guidelines.(13) The antibiotics which were tested were piperacillin 100 µg (PIP), ceftazidime 30 µg (CAZ), imipenem 10 µg (IPM), ciprofloxacin 5µg (CIP), gentamicin 10 µg (GEN) amikacin 30 µg (AK) and aztreonam 30 µg (ATM). The quality control strains which were used were Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.
The Phenotypic MBL detection method: All the isolates were screened for the presence of MBLs by the double-disk synergy test (DDST), the combined-disk test (CDT), and the MBL E test strip (AB BioDisk Company, Sweden).
The DDST and the Combined Disk Test: A 0.5 M EDTA solution was prepared by dissolving 186.1 gm of EDTA. 2H2O in 1000 ml of distilled water and its pH was adjusted to 8.0 by using NaOH. This mixture was sterilized by autoclaving.(7)
For the combined disk test, two 10 µg IMP discs were placed on the surface of an agar plate and 5µl EDTA solution was added to one of them to obtain a concentration of 750 µg. The inhibition zones of IMP and IMP-EDTA were compared after 16-18 hours of incubation in air at 350C. An increase in zone size to ≥7 mm was taken as positive.(7),(12)
For the disk synergy test, an IMP disk was placed near a blank filter paper disk at a centre to centre distance of 10 to 25 mm. 5 µl of 0.5 M EDTA was applied to the blank disk (750 µg). After incubation for 16-18 hours, the presence of an enlarged zone of inhibition was interpreted as EDTA synergy test positive.(5) For the detection of MBLs in IMP susceptible isolates, IMP and a blank disk were kept at a distance of 25 mm.
The MBL Etest procedure: MBL E test strips with IMP (4 to 256 µg/ml) and IMPE (1 to 64 µg/ml) were applied on Mueller-Hinton agar and were incubated for 16 to 20 hrs at 35°C. A reduction of IMP MIC 3 twofold dilutions in the presence of EDTA was interpreted as being suggestive of metallo-ß-lactamase production. Equally, the presence of a "phantom" zone between the two gradient sections or deformation of the IP ellipses was also indicative of the presence of metallo-ß-lactamases.(15)
The MBL E test strip was also used to detect MICs for IMP simultaneously with MBL ase detection. The MICs were interpreted as resistant, intermediate and sensitive as per the CLSI guidelines (Resistant: MIC 16 ug/ml, sensitive: MIC 4< ug/ml).(13)
Ethics: All the procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 that was revised in 2000.

Statistical analysis:
Descriptive statistics was used and the percentages of MBLs carrying imipenem resistant and sensitive isolates were calculated

Results

All the isolates which were included in the study were multi drug resistant, with resistance to 4 or more drugs as shown in Table 2.
Table 3 depicts the MBL detection in different gram negative bacteria. Of the 50 IMP resistant isolates (MIC≥16 ug/ml), 32 isolates were detected as MBL producers by all three methods. Individually, 42 isolates were found to be positive by DDST, 32 by CDT and 32 by the MBL E test strip. Of the 42 DDST positive isolates, 32 isolates gave increase in the zone diameter of ≥7mm (CDT positive), while 4 isolates gave a zone diameter between 4 - 6 mm and 6 gave less than 4 mm.
Among 50 IMP sensitive isolates (MIC ≤4 ug/ml), 16 isolates had zone diameters varying from 16-20 mm (group A) and 14 isolates had zone diameters varying from 21-22 mm (group B), while 20 isolates had zone diameters ≥ 23 mm (group C). A total of 6 isolates from Group A, 2 isolates from Group B and none from Group C were detected as MBL producers by all the three methods. However, 8 isolates from Group A, 4 isolates from Group B and none from Group C were detected as MBL producers by the double disk synergy test. All the isolates which were positive for MBL by CDT were also positive by the MBL E test strip.
Of the 30 IMP intermediate isolates, 13 isolates were found to be MBL producers by the combined use of all the three methods. 15 isolates were found to be MBL producers by the DDST method. In the MBL E test strip method, the MICs of 6 isolates were found to be in the sensitive range, 16 were in the intermediate range and 10 were in the resistant range. Of these, 3 from the sensitive category, 4 from the intermediate category and 6 from the resistant category were found to be MBL producers.
Thus, a total of 11 imipenem sensitive isolates (8 from the sensitive and 3 from the intermediate categories) and 38 imipenem resistant isolates (32 from the resistant and 6 from the intermediate categories) were found to be MBL positive by all the three methods.

Discussion

The increasing prevalence of MBL-producing gram-negative bacilli in many geographical regions and their propensity to rapidly disseminate within an institution, makes it essential to detect MBL- producing isolates by simple and rapid phenotypic methods.(1),(2) Unfortunately, MBL production is just not limited to carbapenem resistant strains, but has also been demonstrated in some carbapenem susceptible isolates.(11),(12) These organisms carrying hidden MBL genes, may spread unnoticed and may lead to untoward infection control problems.(3) Screening of only carbapenem-resistant organisms is insufficient and screening of all the IMP susceptible isolates for MBL creates unnecessary work with a lower yield. Hence, some criteria is needed to select out IMP susceptible isolates for MBL screening, as has been suggested by some other workers.(11)
In the present study, all the isolates which were screened were multidrug resistant (resistant to 4 or more classes of antimicrobials), as shown in Table 2. 68% of the IMP resistant isolates were susceptible to aztreonam, a profile which was compatible with MBL production. However 32 % of IMP resistant isolates revealed full or intermediate resistance to aztreonam, suggesting the co-existence of another mechanism of resistance among these isolates, most importantly ESBL or the AmpC-type ß-lactamases. Similar findings were also reported by Franklin et al who found that 37% of the MBL-carrying isolates were resistant to aztreonam.(11)
The inhibition of enzyme activity by EDTA and thiol compounds was an important characteristic which was used to distinguish MBLs from other ß-lactamases, but MBL detection was difficult among imipenem susceptible isolates by using IMP, as MBLs are inhibited by low concentrations of IPM.(11),(12) CAZ has been recommended by many authors to screen MBL producers, but the MBL-producing strains may also have another CAZ resistance mechanism, thus having a chance to result in false positive results.(6),(11),(16) Hence, we detected MBL in both IMP resistant and susceptible isolates by using IMP EDTA.
In the present study, we utilized the CDT (IMP and IMP EDTA), DDST (IMP and EDTA) and MBL Etest strip methods in an attempt to detect such challenging organisms. 2-mercaptopropionic acid and 1, 10-phenanthroline were not used to inhibit MBLs, as these are toxic for routine handling and required special precautions.(11)
In our study, 20% of the MBL carrying isolates were found to be susceptible to IMP as against a very high rate varying from 30-88%, which was reported by other workers.(11),(12) There was 100% concordance between the CDT and MBL E test strips. DDST detected more number of isolates as MBL producers, as even a slight increase in the synergistic zone was taken as positive. This could have been due to a zone difference of 7 mm which was taken as positive by the IPM-EDTA method as compared with using IPM alone in the CDT method. Had a cut off of 4mm been chosen for MBL detection, as done by some workers, some additional isolates would have been screened to be positive for MBLs by CDT.(11) However, all the isolates with an increase in the zone diameter of less than 7mm were screened to be negative for MBLs by the MBL Etest strip method, suggesting that increase in the zone diameter of 7 mm is an acceptable cut off with 750 µg EDTA.
In this study, 6 MBLs carrying IMP sensitive isolates had a zone diameter in between 16-20 mm and 2 isolates had a zone diameter between 21-22 mm. No IMP sensitive isolate with a zone diameter 23 mm was detected as an MBL producer, thus indicating that all the isolates with a zone diameter ≤22 mm should be routinely screened for MBL production.
Thirty eight (63%) IMP R isolates were detected as MBL producers by all the three methods. Among other IMP resistant isolates, carbapenem resistance may be due to other mechanisms of resistance such as decreased permeability of the outer membrane and/or active efflux, which is possibly associated to the overproduction of the endogenous class C ß-lactamases.(16),(17)
Several phenotypic methods have been evaluated by various workers by using different combinations of antibiotic disks along with different concentrations of EDTA and different inoculum sizes of the test strain.[5-7] No single method has been proven as an ideal method for MBL detection in all the isolates and so, we used the three most user friendly techniques for MBL detection. Our results demonstrated that the combined-disk test was a better method for screening purposes as it was simple to perform and the materials used were cheap, nontoxic, easily accessible and allowed for the objective interpretation of results. Moreover, this method was quite good in detecting carbapenem-susceptible MBL-producing isolates, a phenotype that is being described with increasing frequency. Therefore, it is recommended that MBL detection must be done in all diagnostic laboratories on a daily basis to prevent the emergence and spread of this worrying resistance mechanism.

Key Message

• Metallo-ß-lactamases (MBLs) are not only restricted to the carbapenem resistant strains, but are also present in carbapenem susceptible organisms.
• These carbapenem susceptible organisms with hidden MBL genes can spread unnoticed in hospitals if such isolates are reported as sensitive without screening for the presence of MBLs.
• The laboratory detection of MBL carrying organisms is of significant clinical importance to stop their uncontrolled spread and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

References

1.
Walsh TR, Toleman MA, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Metallo-ß-lactamases: the quiet before the storm? Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18:306-325.
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