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On Aug 2018




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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
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KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2011 | Month : April | Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | Page : 227 - 230 Full Version

The Incidence Of Candiduria In An ICU – A Study


Published: April 1, 2011 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2011/.1137
SEEMA BOSE*, ATINDRA KRISHNA GHOSH**, REKHA BARAPATRE***

*(M.D.) Professor of Microbiology **(M.D.) Professor of Medicine ***(M.B.B.S.) Tutor, Deptt of Microbiology Rural Medical College, Loni, Ahmednagar (MS)

Correspondence Address :
Corresponding Author
Dr Seema Bose
Professor of Microbiology
Rural Medical College
Loni-BK, Ahmednagar – 413736 (MS)
E-mail: drseema11ghosh@gmail.com

Abstract

Due to the increased use of indwelling drainage devices, the incidence of candiduria has been increasing steadily. Candida isolates from the urine of catheterised patients were identified by the germ tube test, by chlamydospore formation on corn meal agar and by the sugar fermentation test. Simultaneously, the identification of the candida isolates was performed by using CHROM agar candida medium and Hi candida identification kit. Out of 59 urethral catheterized patients, 21 (35.59%) were positive for the growth of yeasts. Candida albicans was the commonest isolate, followed by Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. The rate of infection was directly proportional to the number of days during which the catheter was present in a patient.

Keywords

Candiduria, Indwelling catheter, Non albicans candida, CHROM agar

INTRODUCTION
Candiduria is defined as the presence of yeast cells in urine. Due to the increased use of indwelling devices, the incidence of candiduria has been increasing dramatically. The property of adhesion of microorganisms has long been considered as a virulence factor, causing catheters and indwelling medical device associated infections. Colonization and device biofilm formation may occur within 3 days of catheterization. (1) With short term catheterization (upto 7 days), 10- 50% patients develop infections, whereas in long term catheterization (>28 days), usually all patients develop urinary tract infection. The risk of catheter associated infections increases by approximately 10% for each day. (2) The microorganisms are introduced into the urethra while (a) the catheter is inserted and (b) through the sheath of the exudates surrounding the catheter, or (c) they travel intraluminally from the tube or the collection bag.
Besides Candida albicans, the incidence of candiduria caused by nonalbicans candida has been increasing steadily. It is also necessary to identify the isolates of candida upto the species level, as some of them have an innate resistance to antifungals. (3)
This study was undertaken to find out the incidence of candiduria in the catheterized patients of an ICU of a rural tertiary care hospital situated in Maharashtra and for the identification of the candida isolates upto the species level by using various phenotypic methods, because it was necessary for timely antifungal therapy.

Material and Methods

The duration of the study period was six months. 59 urine samples from urethral catheterized patients were processed in the microbiology laboratory. Direct microscopy was done from all the samples. Culture was done on blood agar and MacConkey’s agar and these plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Two Sabouraud’s dextrose agar slants were inoculated and incubated at 370C and 300C for 7 days. The isolates were identified as candida species by Gram’s staining. (4)

Candida albicans was identified by the germ tube test, by chlamydospore formation on cornmeal agar and by the sugar fermentation test. (5) Simultaneously, the identification of the candida isolates was performed by using Hi CHROM candida agar medium and Hi Candida identification kit which was obtained from Hi Media Pvt Ltd, India.

The CHROM agar medium was prepared as per the manufacturer’s instructions and all the 21 candida isolates were inoculated separately. The inoculated petri dishes were incubated at 300C for 48 hours.

All the 21 candida isolates were also tested with Hi Candida identification system. The strips which were provided with the kit were inoculated as per the manufacturer’s instructions and these were incubated at 220C for 48 hours.

Additional tests for the identification of Candida dubliniensis were done by subculturing Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar slants and by incubating the slants at 450C for 48 to 72 hours. (6)

ATCC 10231 Candida albicans was included in this study as a control strain.

Results

All the 21 candida isolates were initially identified by Gram’s staining. (Table/Fig 1)
In our study, the rate of infection was directly proportional to the number of days during which the catheter was present in the patient. (Table/Fig 2)
The number of the various candida species which were isolated from the urine samples of catheterized patients admitted the ICU, were as follows: 12(57.14%) Candida albicans, 4(19.04%) Candida dubliniensis, 2(9.52%) Candida glabrata, 2(9.52%) Candida tropicalis and 1(4.76%) Candida parapsilosis. The total number of candida isolates was 21(35.59%). (Table/Fig 2)

Out of the 21 candida isolates, 9(42.85%) were non albicans candida. (Table/Fig 3)
Candida albicans was identified by the germ tube test, (Table/Fig 4) the chlamydospore formation test, (Table/Fig 5) and the sugar fermentation test.

On Hi CHROM candida agar medium, Candida albicans formed light green colonies, (Table/Fig 6) Candida glabrata formed pink coloured colonies, (Table/Fig 7) Candida dubliniensis showed dark green, fuzzy growth, (Table/Fig 8) Candida tropicalis formed blue coloured colonies, (Table/Fig 9) and Candida parapsilosis formed cream coloured colonies. (7) (Table/Fig 10) A mixed growth of Candida isolates were identified as Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis and these were seen as light green and dark green colonies. [Table/Fig 11] All the 21 candida isolates were correctly identified by Hi Candida identification kit. [Table/Fig 12]

Discussion

With the use of indwelling medical devices in the ICU, a significant rise in the incidence of Candida albicans and nonalbicans candida infections were reported from various regions. (8) Kojic EM et al. (9) reported that medical device induced infections contributed to about half of all the nosocomial infections and that 10% of such infections were due to the candida species.

The gold standard for yeast identification is the use of molecular diagnostic techniques. However, these sophisticated techniques are expensive and require technical expertise. (10)

The identification of the candida species by the conventional methods requires 3 to 5 days or even longer. (11) The routine identification of candida upto the species level depends upon easy to perform, rapid screening methods.

In our study, out of 59 clinical samples, 21(35.59%) showed the growth of candida species. The total number of Candida albicans infections was 12(57.14%), followed by 4(19.04%) of Candida dubliniensis, 2(9.52%) of Candida glabrata, 2(9.52%) of Candida tropicalis and 1(4.76%) of Candida parapsilosis.

Out of the 21 candida isolates, 9(42.85%) were non albicans candida. (Table/Fig 3) In our study, the highest number of nonalbicans candida infections were caused by Candida dubliniensis (19.04%).

Price MF et al (12) observed that other than Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata were the major isolates which were found in most of the institutions.

Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans share many morphological and physiological characteristics. This close similarity may cause the misidentification of the isolates of Candida dubliniensis as Candida albicans. (5)

CHROM agar candida medium contains enzymatic substrates linked to chromogenic substances which react with different enzymes that are produced by the candida species, thus leading to colour variation in the colonies. (13) Two of our Candida dubliniensis isolates did not show dark green colour on this medium, which were later confirmed by no growth at 450C. (14)

In one sample, there was a mixed growth of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. On CHROM agar, it was very easy to identify them, as they formed colonies of different colours. [Table/Fig 11] Kathrin et al (15) found that the CHROM agar candida was insufficient for detecting Candida dubliniensis. However, Bernal S et al (16) found this medium to be quite useful for the identification of the Candida species.

Hi Candida identification kit is a standardized colourimetric identification system, utilizing 12 conventional biochemical tests. The tests are based on the principles of pH change and substrate utilization. In our study, all the candida isolates were correctly identified by this system. P Umabala et al (17) used fungichrom system for yeast identification, which was also based on the assimilation of carbohydrates and the hydrolysis of chromogenic substrates. She reported it to be quite satisfactory

Conclusion

With the use of indwelling medical devices, candida infections are on the rise. The infection rate is directly proportional to the number of days during which the catheter was present in the patient. Along with Candida albicans, non albicans candida species are also playing a major role in hospital acquired infections. Hi CHROM candida agar is a very useful medium for the identification of mixed candidal infections.

Hi Candida identification system is a fairly accurate method for the identification of medically important candida species. It is necessary to identify the candida isolates upto the species level, as some of them have innate resistance to the commonly used antifungals

References

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Annaissie E, Samonis G, Kontoyiannis D, Costerton J, Sabharwal U, Bodey G and Raad I. Role of catheter related infections. Eur. J. clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis 1995; 14: 135 – 137
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McLean R J C, Nickel JC, Olson ME. Biofilm associated urinary tract infections, In Microbial Biofilms .HM Lappin – Scott and JW costerton (ed); 1995:261 – 273.
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Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant Microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 167 – 193.
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Betty AF, Daniel FS, Alice SW. Laboratory methods in basic microbiology , In chapter: 50. Bailey and Scotts Diagnostic Microbiology 12thed Mosby Elsevier; 2007. 629 – 717.
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Chander J. Opportunistic Mycosis , In section : V. Text book of Medical Mycology 3rd ed. Mehta publishers, New Delhi; 2009: 266 – 290.
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Raut SH, Varaiya A. Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis on CHROM agar and Pal’s agar. I J Med Microbiol 2009; 27: 55 – 58.
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Baradkar VP, Mathur M, Kumar S. Hi CHROM Candida agar for identification of candida species. I J Pathol Microbiol 2010 ; 53 : 93 – 95.
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Carol A, Kumamoto , Marcelo DV. Alternative Candida albicans life styles : Growth on surfaces . Annu Rev Microbiol 2005. 59 ; 113 – 133.
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Kojic EM, Darouiche RO, Candida infections of medical devices. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004. 17: 255 – 267.
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Xu J , Millar BC, Moore JE, McClurg R, Walter MJ, Evans J, Hedderwick S, McMullan R. Comparison of API 20 C with molecular identification of candida species isolated from blood stream infection. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55 : 774 – 777.
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Elie CM, Lott TJ, Reiss E, Morrison CJ. Rapid identification of candida species with species specific DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36 : 3260 – 3265.
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Price MF, LaRocco MT, Gentry LO. Fluconazole susceptibilities of candida species and distribution of species recovered from blood cultures over a 5 year period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 41 :1259 – 1262.
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Pfaller MA, Houston A, Coffmann S. Application of CHROM agar candida for rapid screening of clinical specimens for Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34 : 58 – 61.
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Mosca C, Moragues MD, Llovo J, Ai MA, Coleman DC, Pontan J. Casein Agar a useful medium for differentiating Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41 : 1259 – 1262.
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Kathrin T, Hasse G, Seibold M, Bergmann F, Steammler M, Franz T, Naumann D. Evaluation of phenotypic markers for selection and identification of Candida dubliniensis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1599 – 1608.
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Bernal S, Martin ME, Garcia M, Aller AI, Martinez MA, Gutierrez MJ. Evaluation Of CHROM agar candida medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of species of candida of clinical importance. Dign Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;24:201 – 204.
17.
Umabala P, Sathees kumar T, Lakshmi V. Evaluation of Fungichrom : A new Identification system. I J Med Microbiol 2002 ; 20 : 160 – 162.

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