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On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
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Aug 2018




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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
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Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2011 | Month : December | Volume : 5 | Issue : 8 | Page : 1552 - 1554 Full Version

ESBL and MBL Mediated Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An Emerging Threat to Clinical Therapeutics


Published: December 1, 2011 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2011/.1805
Prashant Durwas Peshattiwar, Basavaraj Virupaksappa Peerapur

1. MD (Microbiology), Asst. Prof, Konaseema institute of medical sciences and research foundation, Amalpuram, East Godavari, AP. 2. MD (Microbiology) Prof and head Department of Microbiology, BLDEU’s Shri B M Patil Medical college Bijapur, Karnataka. PLACE OF STUDY: BLDEU’s Shri B M Patil Medical college Bijapur, Karnataka.

Correspondence Address :
Basavaraj Virupakshappa Peerapur
MD (Microbiology) Prof and head Department of Microbiology,
BLDEU’s Shri B M Patil Medical college Bijapur,
Karnataka, India.
Phone: 09448139438
E-mail: peerapur_2003@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Purpose: The present study was undertaken to detect the extended spectrum β lactamases (ESBL) and metallo β lactamases (MBL) in isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were isolated from wound infections and to evaluate their susceptibility patterns.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty six isolates of P.aeruginosa were analyzed to study their sensitivity patterns. The presence of the ESBL enzyme was detected by the Phenotypic confirmatory test and the MBL enzyme was detected by the Imipenem – EDTA Double Disk Synergy test.

Result: Out of 126 isolates of P.aeruginosa, 28 (22.22%) were ESBL producers and 10 (7.8%) were MBL producers. None of the isolates showed the coexistence of ESBL and MBL in the same isolate. All the ESBL producing isolates were sensitive to Imipenem, while the MBL producing isolates showed widespread resistance to aminoglycosides, ciprofloxacin and the piperacillin with tazobactum combination.

Conclusion: The present study underlines the unique problem that the presence of ESBL has led to the widespread use of Imipenem, but that the emergence of MBLs and their broad spectrums and unrivalled drug resistance is creating a therapeutic challenge for clinicians and microbiologists. Hence, we suggest that the detection of ESBL and MBL in Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be a routine practice. We recommend a routine surveillance on antibiotic resistance in the hospital.

Keywords

P.aeruginosa , Third generation cephalosporins, Imipenem

Introduction
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is reported to be amongst the leading causes of nosocomial infections. It is known to exhibit intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobial agents (1). In addition to the intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa , it also produces the enzymes, namely Ăź-lactamases, which are responsible for the wide-spread Ăź-lactam resistance. These Ăź -lactamases hydrolyse the amide bond of the four-membered characteristic Ăź - lactam ring, thus rendering the antimicrobial ineffective (2). The ESBL enzymes encoded by the genes, SHV2a and the genes, SHV2a and TEM have been found in P. aeruginosa and the Enterobacteriaceae family, which suggests that these organisms are widespread reservoir of the ESBL enzymes (3).

MBLs are class B enzymes which hydrolyze carbapenems and are encoded by genes like IMP, VIM, etc (4). They have been described as the enzymes which require divalent cations, usually zinc, as metal co-factors for their enzymatic activity. In recent years, the MBL genes have spread from P. aeruginosa to Enterobacteriaceae. Given the fact that we are several years away from the implementation of a therapeutic inhibitor of MBLs, their continued spread is going to be a major therapeutic challenge (5).

Hence, the present study was conducted with an objective to know the antibiogram of P. aeruginosa. We also aimed to detect the presence of ESBL and MBL producing P. aeruginosa, so as to help in formulating an effective antibiotic strategy and to plan a proper hospital infection control strategy to prevent the spread of these strains.

Material and Methods

This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of BLDEU’s Shri BM Patil Medical College, Bijapur,over a period from Nov 2008 to Sept 2010. 126 isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from the pus samples of wound infection cases. The cases which yielded a growth of P. aeruginosa from cultured wound swabs on blood agar and MacConkey’s agar were included in the study and they were further identified as per the standard microbiological procedures (6).The isolates were further tested by employing the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method to study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for cephotaxime (30μg), ceftazidime (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), gentamicin (10μg), amikacin (30μg), tobramycin (10μg), piperacillin (100 μg), piperacillin/tazobactum (100 μg/ 10 μg) , meropenem (10μg) and imipenem (10μg). The results were recorded and interpreted as per the CLSI guidelines (7).

Extended spectrum β – lactamase (ESBL) detection
All the isolates of P.aeruginosa which showed resistance to ceftazidime were evaluated for ESBL production by using the phenotypic confirmatory test (7). Briefly, a 0.5 MacFarland’s suspension of each isolate was spread on a Muller – Hinton agar (MHA) plate and ceftazidime (30 μg) and ceftazidime / clavulanic acid (30 μg/ 10 μg) discs were placed aseptically on the agar plate. A distance of about 15mm was kept between the two discs (edge to edge) and the cultures were incubated at 370C overnight. The observation of a ≥ 5mm increase in the zone diameter for the antimicrobial agent which was tested in combination with clavulanic acid, versus its zone diameter when tested alone, confirmed the presence of ESBL production by the organism. The increase in the zone diameter was due to the inhibition of the β lactamse by clavulanic acid.

THE METALLO - b- LACTAMASE (MBL) DETECTION METHOD
The Imipenem resistant isolates were tested by the Imipenem-EDTA double disk synergy test (DDST) as described by Lee et al. (8). The test organism was inoculated onto MHA plates as recommended by CLSI. An Imipenem 10 μg disk was placed 10mm edge to edge from a blank disc which contained 10 μl of EDTA (750 μg), with overnight incubation at 37°C. An enhancement in the zone of inhibition in the area between the Imipenem and the EDTA discs in comparison with the zone of inhibition on the far side of the drug was interpreted as a positive result.

The ESBL Phenotypic Confirmatory test and the Metallo β lactamase production by the Imipenem - EDTA Double Disk Synergy test are shown in (Table/Fig 1) and (Table/Fig 2) respectively.

Results

The Department of Microbiology, Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Bijapur, received a total of 1628 pus samples between November 2008 and September 2010. Out of 1628 pus samples which were cultured, 126[12.92 %] yielded the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 103 samples yielded a pure growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while 23 isolates were mixed cultures with E. Coli, S. aureus, Proteus species, K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species and Citrobacter species. Out of the 126 subjects who showed the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 81[64.28 %] were male patients and 45 [35.71%] were female patients. The male to female ratio in the present study was 1.8: 1. Out of the 126 isolates, 19 [15.07%] isolates were from the Outpatients Department and 107 [84.92%] were from inpatients. Among the isolates from the InPatients Departments, 76 [71.02%] isolates were from the surgery ward, followed by 24 [22.42%] from the orthopaedics ward and 7 [6.54 %] patients from the ENT ward. In the present study, a majority of the P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained from cases of cellulitis [19.04 %], followed by traumatic wound infections [16.66%], cases of diabetic foot [15.07%], CSOM [11.90%] and burns cases [9.5 2%]. The resistance pattern of P.aeruginosa was noted as follows, ceftazidime -67 [53%], cephotaxime -64 [50.79%], tobramycin -40[31.74%], netilmicin -57[45.23%], gentamicin – 48[38.09%], amikacin- 46 [ 36.50%] , ciprofloxacin- 59 [46.82%], imipenem and meropenem- 16 each [12.69 %], The piperacillin + tazobactum combination -26[20.63 %] and piperacillin -52 [ 41.26 %]. Among the 126 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 28 [22.22%] were ESBL producers. A total of sixty seven strains showed resistance to ceftazidime, of which 28 [41.79%] were found to be ESBL producers . Among the 126 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10 [7.8 %] isolates were metallo β lactamase producers and these were isolated from 16 imipenem resistant isolates. Hence, the percentage of MBLs in the imipenem resistant isolates was 62.5 %. Also, those 10 MBL producing strains were also resistant to netilmicin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (9) each and tobramycin and amikacin (8) each. None of the isolates showed the coexistence of ESBL and MBL.

Discussion

The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is threatening the effectiveness of many antimicrobial agents. It has increased the hospital stay of the patients, thus leading to an increased economic burden on them.

In the present study, the rate of isolation of P. aeruginosa was higher in indoor patients [84.92%] as compared to that in the outdoor patients [15.07 %]. A similar observation was made by Shampa Anupurba et al, who reported the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to be more common in indoor patients [73.42%] as compared to that in the OPD cases [26.57%]. They expressed their view that the duration of the hospital stay was directly proportional to a higher prevalence of the infection, since the rate of isolation of the organisms was higher in indoor patients than in outdoor patients (9).

In the present study, the antibiogram of the 126 isolates of P. aeruginosa showed more resistance against ceftazidime [53.17%], which was similar to the observations which were by Diwivedi et al, who reported the ceftazidime resistance to be around 63%, and Arya M et al who reported a ceftazidime resistance of 55.4% in isolates obtained from post operative wound infections (10),(11). Our findings differed from those of Ibukun et al, who reported a higher susceptibility for ceftazidime of 79.4% (1). In the present study, we observed an increased resistance of this organism to various antibiotics like cephotaxime- 50.79%, netilmicin- 45.23%, gentamicin - 38.09%, amikacin -36.50%, ciprofloxacin- 46.82% and piperacillin- 41.26 %. A decreased susceptibility of P.aeruginosa to the commonly used antibiotics has already been noted by previous researchers (3),(4),(11),(12) Our study showed that among the 126 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 28 [22.22%] were ESBL producers, which was similar to 20.27 % ESBL producing isolates of P. aeruginosa which was reported by Aggarwal et al. (3). The ESBL mediated resistance of P. aeruginosa to the third generation cephalosporins as reported by Uma et al [77.3%], was much higher than that reported in the present study (14). We observed that only 12.69 % strains were resistant to carbapenem in our study. In the present study, imipenem and meropenem showed good antipsuedomonal activity. A similar observation was made by Jaykumar S. (4), while a higher degree of carbapenem resistance was noted by Varaiya et al [25%] (15). This difference could be attributable to the study environment under which the study was performed. A study by Varaiya et al from Mumbai involved patients from the ICU, where the use of broad spectrum antibiotics was common (15). In our study, out of the 126 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10 [7.8 %] isolates were metallo β lactamases producers. The prevalence of MBLs in the present study was consistent with the findings of Ibukun et al, Navaneeth et al and others (1),(16),(17). The percentage of MBLs in the imipenem resistant isolates was 62.5%. This suggested that the carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa was mediated predominantly via MBL production. A similar finding was observed by the SARI study group and by Behara et al. (17),(13). In the present study, 5 isolates [50%]out of 10 MBLs were resistant to all the 11 antibiotics which were tested. The presence of MBLs in the pandrug resistant isolates was already observed by Jaykumar S (4). In our study, none of the isolates had coproduced both ESBL and MBL. This was in agreement with the findings of Renata Picao et al (18).

Our study underlines the unique problem of ESBL and MBL mediated resistance, which has created a therapeutic challenge for the clinicians and microbiologists. To overcome the problem of emergence and the spread of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa, a combined interaction and cooperation between the microbiologists, clinicians and the infection control team is needed. We recommend the routine surveillance of antibiotic resistance in the hospital.

References

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Ibukun A, Tochukwu N, Tolu O. Occurrence of ESBL and MBL in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa From Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of American Science 2007; 3(4) : 81-85.
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Bradford PA. Extended spectrum Ăź-lactamases in the 21st century: The characterization, epidemiology and the detection of this important resistance threat. Clin. Microbiol. Rev 2001; 14: 933-951.
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Aggarwal R, Chaudhari U, Bala K. Detection of extended – spectrum β lactamases in Psuedomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2008;51(2): 222-24.
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Jaykumar S, Appalraju B. The prevalence of multi and pan drug resistant Psuedomonas aeruginosa with respect to ESBL and MBL in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2007; 50 (4) : 922-25.
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Walsh T R., Toleman M A., Poirel L Nordmann P. Metallo-β-lactamases: the quiet before the storm? Clinical Microbiology Reviews Apr 2005; 306-325.
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Colle JG, Miles RS, Wan B. Tests for the identification of bacteria. In: Colle JG, Fraser AG, Marimon BP, Simmons A, Editors. Mackei and McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology, 14th ed. Edinburg: Chuchill Livingstone; 1996; 131-150.
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Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk tests ; Approved Standards , 9th ed. CLSI Document M2-A9 , Vol. 26 No.1 Wayne PA 2006.
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Lee K, Lim YS, Yong D, Yum JH, Chong Y. Evaluation of the Hodge test and the imipenem-EDTA double disk synergy test for the differentiation of the metallo- β-lactamase producing clinical isolates of the Pseudomonas spp and the Acinetobacter spp. J Clin Microbiol 2003 ; 41: 4623-29.
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Anupurba S, Battacharjee A, Garg A, Ranjansen M. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Psuedomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound infections. Indian J Dermatol 2006 ; 51(4): 286-88.
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