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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
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Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
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On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
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On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2012 | Month : September | Volume : 6 | Issue : 7 | Page : 1203 - 1206 Full Version

The Occurrence of CTX-M3 Type Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases among Escherichia Coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Puducherry


Published: September 1, 2012 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2012/.2470
Malini A. Bhat, Sageerabanoo S., Kowsalya R., Gautam Sarkar

1. Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Vazhudavur Road, Kadirkammam, Puducherry-605009, India. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College, Puducherry, India. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Nephrourology, Bangalore, India. 4. Professor & HOD, DepARTMENT of Biochemistry, Subharathi Medical College, Meerut, UP, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Malini A. Bhat
Associate Professor, Dept of Microbiology,
Indira Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute,
Vazhudavur Road, Kadirkammam, Puducherry-605009 (India).
Phone: 9944758049
E-mail: drmalinirb@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Introduction: The Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) are the class A plasmid mediated enzymes that hydrolyze the oxyimino-cephalosporins and the monobactams but not the cephamycins and they are inhibited by clavulanic acid. In the recent years, the CTX-M type are the most common ESBLs which have been isolated. The present study was undertaken to know the prevalence of the ESBL producing E. coli in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and also to know the occurrence of the CTX-M3 genotype among these E. coli which were isolated in our hospital.

Materials and Methods: The routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for the E. coli which were isolated from the urine samples. The strains of E. coli that were resistant to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were selected for the ESBL testing. The strains were tested for ESBL production by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) and the phenotypic confirmatory double disc test (PCDDT) as per the CLSI guidelines. Fifty four isolates of E. coli were found to be positive for ESBL by the phenotypic methods, out of which fifty isolates were tested for the presence of CTX-M3 by PCR and also their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for ceftazidime were determined.

Results: Out of a total of 157 E. coli isolates, 54 isolates (34.4%) were found to be positive for ESBL by the phenotypic methods, DDST and PCDDT. Nearly 21(38.8%) ESBL positive E. coli isolates had an MIC of ≥ 128μg/ml for ceftazidime. Out of the 50 strains of ESBL positive E. coli that were run for PCR, 42(84%) were positive for the CTX-M3 gene.

Conclusion: Our study showed that the ESBL producing urinary isolates of E. coli were not only resistant to the third generation cephalosporins but also to ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and gentamicin. The occurrence of the CTX-M3 genotype was high among the E. coli isolates in our study.

Keywords

CTX-M3 genotype, ESBL, Escherichia coli , UTI

Introduction
The Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) are the class A plasmid mediated enzymes that hydrolyze the oxyimino-cephalosporins and the monobactams but not the cephamycins and they are inhibited by clavulanic acid (1). ESBLs are originally the mutants of the TEM and the SHV enzymes and they were first described in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Europe (2),(3). Recently, the CTX-M type ESBLs are being reported worldwide commonly. The CTX-M type ESBLs predominantly hydrolyze cefotaxime and they are less active against ceftazidime [2,4]. The CTX-M type of ESBLs are a diverse group which consists of >70 types presently and they are grouped into five clusters based on their amino acid sequences (5). CTX-M14, CTX-M3 and CTX-M2 are the most widespread types which have been seen (6). The presence of the CTX-M gene is also associated with the resistance to the fluoroquinolones, the aminoglycosides and cotrimoxazole (5). In the recent years, the CTX-M type are the most common ESBLs which are being isolated and Escherichia coli is the most common ESBL carrying organism (5).

The present study was undertaken to know the prevalence of the ESBL producing E. coli in urinary tract infections (UTIs), to knowtheir resistance pattern and also to know the occurrence of the CTX-M3 genotype among these E. coli which were isolated in our hospital.

Material and Methods

This study was done on all the isolates of E. coli which were obtained from the inpatients and the outpatients with UTI, during February 2009 to March 2010.The urine samples were inoculated on Mac Conkey’s agar and on 5% sheep blood agar. The urine culture was done by the standard loop method, which is a semiquantitative method. The organisms were identified by using standard methods (7). The antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on Mueller Hinton agar by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test and the results were interpreted as per the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines(8) for the following antibiotics, ampicillin 10μg, cefotaxime 30μg, ceftriaxone 30μg , gentamicin 10 μg, cotrimoxazole 1.25/23.75 μg, ciprofloxacin 5 μg, amikacin 30 μg, piperacillin-tazobactam 100/10 μg and imipenem 10μg. (Hi-media, Mumbai) The strains of E. coli that were resistant to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone or those which showed an inhibition zone of ≤ 27mm forcefotaxime and of ≤ 25mm for ceftriaxone were tested for ESBL production by the phenotypic methods. The MIC for ceftazidime was also determined for 50 strains of E. coli that were ESBL positive. The presence of the CTX-M3 genotype was also determined by PCR, among the 50 ESBL positive strains of E. coli for which the MIC was also determined.

Phenotypic Tests for the Detection of ESBL
The resistant strains of E. coli were tested for ESBL production by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) and the Phenotypic Confirmatory Double Disc Test (PCDDT) as per the CLSI guidelines [8,9]. K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and E. coli ATCC 25922 were used as the positive and the negative controls respectively for the testing.

DDST
A Mueller Hinton agar plate was inoculated with the standard inoculum (0.5 McFarland’s standard) of the isolate. A ceftazidime disc (30μg) and a cefpodoxime disc (30μg) were placed on the agar, 15mm away from the centre of the augmentin disc (amoxycillin 20μg and clavulanic acid 10μg).When the inhibition zone around the test disc increased towards the augumentin disc or when neither disc were inhibitory alone by the bacterial growth, but were inhibited where the two antibiotics diffused together, then the organisms were considered as ESBL producers (9),(10) (Table/Fig 1).

PCDDT
The Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) was inoculated with the standard inoculum (0.5McFarland’s standard ) of the isolate. A ceftazidime 30μg disc was tested alone and also along with a combination of 10μg of clavulanic acid. An increase in the zone diameter of ≥ 5mm for the ceftazidime and the clavulanic acid combination was considered to be produced by an ESBL producer (9),(11) (Table/Fig 2). MIC for ceftazidime: The MIC for ceftazidime was determined by the agar dilution method for the 50 strains of E. coli that were ESBL positive. Mueller Hinton agar plates were prepared with ceftazidime which was incorporated in two fold dilutions in the concentration range from 0.5μg/ml to 256 μg/ml. An inoculum size of 105cfu/ml was used for the test isolate and 10μl of the suspension was spot inoculated on the plates (9).

The Detection of the CTX-M3 Gene by PCR
Fifty strains of E. coli that were positive for ESBL by the phenotypic methods were tested for the presence of CTX-M3 by PCR. The E. coli which was grown on Mac-Conkey’s agar was inoculated onto 5ml of the Luria- Bertani broth ( Himedia, Mumbai) and the broth was incubated for 20hrs at 37ÂșC. It was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes.1.5ml of the sediment was transferred to sterile microcentrifuge tubes. Plasmid DNA was extracted by the alkaline lysis method as per the manufacturer’s instructions ( Medox Biotech India Pvt Ltd, Chennai) (12). The plasmid DNA which was extracted was subjected to PCR. The forward primer for the CTX-M3 gene was 51AATCACTGCGCCAGTTCACGCT 31 and the reverse primer was 51 GAACGTTTCGTCTCCCAGCTGT 31 .The primers were supplied by Medox Biotech India Pvt Ltd, Chennai and the product size was 540-600bp (13),(14). A single reaction mixture of 25 μl consisted of 1 μl plasmid DNA, 10 pmol(1 μl) of each primer and 5 μl of the 5X master mix which consisted of 1U of Taq DNA Polymerase, 7.5mM MgCl2 and 1mMof deoxynucleoside triphosphates (Medox, Chennai).The volume was made up by adding 17 μl of RNAase and DNAase free water. The reactions were run in a thermal cycler under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94ÂșC for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94ÂșC for 30 seconds, annealing at 55ÂșC for 1minute and 20seconds, extension at 72ÂșC for 1minute and 20seconds and the final extension at 72ÂșC for 5 minutes. The PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis in a 1.2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide in the concentration of 0.5 μg/ml. A molecular weight standard (100bp ladder) was also included on each gel. The gel was later observed with a UV transilluminator. A molecular band between 500-600bp was taken as suggestive for the presence of the blactxm3 gene (Table/Fig 3).

Results

A total number of 982 urine samples were received during the study period, out of which 312 (31.7%) samples yielded significant bacteriuria. Out of 312 isolates, 220(70.5%) were gram negative organisms. The various gram negative organisms which were isolated from the urine were as shown in the (Table/Fig 4). A total of 62 (28.2%) isolates were ESBL producing, which included E. coli (54 no) and Klebsiella species (8 nos). Out of a total of 157 E. coli strains which were isolated from urine samples, 54 isolates (34.4%) were resistant to the third generationcephalosporins. These 54 isolates were found to be positive for ESBL by the phenotypic methods, DDST and PCDDT. The ESBL producing strains of E. coli not only showed a high resistance to ceftriaxone (86.5%) and cefotaxime (84.2%), but they also showed resistance to gentamicin (65%), cotrimoxazole (74%) and ciprofloxacin (80.5%).They showed a good sensitivity to amikacin (81.8%), piperacillin-tazobactam (97.5%) and imipenem (100%). Among the 54 ESBL producing strains of E. coli , a majority were resistant to both cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Seven strains showed resistance to only cefotaxime and two strains showed resistance to only ceftriaxone. The MIC value of the 50 strains of E. coli for ceftazidime were as shown in (Table/Fig 5). A majority of the isolates had an MIC value of ≥ 128μg/ml. Out of the 50 strains of ESBL positive E. coli that were run for PCR, 42(84%) were positive for the CTX-M3 gene.

Discussion

The CTX-M type of ESBLs have become the most frequently isolated variants globally (15). The CTX-M type shows a higher resistance against cefotaxime than ceftazidime. However, the variants of CTX-M, like CTX-M15,CTX-M16 and CTX-M19 hydrolyze ceftazidime also (16). Currently, there are about 5 clusters of the CTX-M genotype: CTX-M1, CTX-M2, CTX-M8, CTX-M9 and CTX-M25 (6). The CTX-M3 type belongs to the CTX-M9 cluster. The prevalence of the ESBL producing organisms ranges from 6% to 88% in various hospitals in India (2). In our study, it was 34% among the urinary isolates of E. coli. The ESBL producing E. coli in our study showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin. A study from south India also reported a high resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, co-trimoxazole (82.6%), gentamicin (91%) and ciprofloxacin (82.6%) (16). Similar observations were made among the E. coli which were isolated from UTIs in a study from Cambodia (5). The CTX-M carriage is associated with a resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and cotrimoxazole (5).

In our study, 42 strains (84%) of E. coli which were isolated from UTIs showed the presence of the CTX-M3 gene. There are few reports on the molecular types which prevail in India. CTX-M3 was reported from India in a study (15). A study which was done in a tertiary care hospital in south India showed a high prevalence of the CTXM1 variant of ESBL (17). Another study from north India showed an ESBL prevalence rate of 63.6% among E. coli. CTX-M was the commonest genotype (54.3%) in their study, where 97% of them belonged to the CTX-M1 cluster (18). A study in Korea revealed that the CTX-M3 and the CTX-M15 genotypes were the most common types of ESBLs in E. coli (4). The epidemiology of the ESBL carrying organisms has been changing in the recent years, with the CTX-M type ESBL having emerged within the community, especially among the E. coli which were isolated from UTIs (5). The CTX-M type may have emerged as a dominant type, probably because it had a high capacity to disseminate or it may have had an ecological advantage of persisting in the community (5). Studies on the different genotypes which prevail in an area is necessary for epidemiological purposes and for the surveillance in hospital infections. It also throws light on the pattern of the strains which changes over a period of time. More of such studies on the genotypes which prevail in different parts of India are needed.

Conclusion

Our study showed an ESBL prevalence rate of 34% among the E. coli which were isolated from urine and a majority of these strainsshowed an MIC of ≥ 128μg/ml for ceftazidime. The isolates also showed a high rate of resistance to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin and a high occurrence of the CTX-M3 genotype (84%) among them.

References

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Tribuddharat C, Srifuengfung S, Chiangjong W. The correlation between the phenotypes and the genotypes of the extended-spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a university hospital in Thailand. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents 2007;24:117-23.
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Jemima SA, Verghese S. Multiplex PCR for bla CTX-M and bla SHV in the extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing gramnegative isolates. Indian J Med Res 2008;128:313-17.
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DOI and Others

ID: JCDR/2012/4519:2470

Date of Submission: May 11, 2012
Date of Peer Review: Jun 06, 2012
Date of Acceptance: Spe 01, 2012
Date of Publishing: Sep 30, 2012

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