Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2012 | Month : September | Volume : 6 | Issue : 7 | Page : 1226 - 1228 Full Version

Evaluation of the Awareness on Glaucoma in A Rural Eye Camp in North Karnataka,India


Published: September 1, 2012 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2012/.2443
Chaitra Pujar, Laxman Dasar, Jayshree MP, Madhuri G Patil, Puneet S Shirbur

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, 2. Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, 4. Junior Resident, Department of Ophthalmology, 5. Junior Resident, Department of Ophthalmology, H S K Hospital and Medical research centre , S Nijalingappa Medical College, Navnagar, Bagalkot, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Chaitra Pujar,
Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology,
S Nijalingappa Medical college, Navnagar,
Bagalkot, 587102, India.
Phone: 09980394289
E-mail: chaitrapujar@rediffmail.com

Abstract

Purpose:
To assess the awareness on glaucoma in a rural eye camp in north Karnataka, India.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 100 subjects who were >20 years old, who attended an eye camp at Anwal village,in the Bagalkot district, north Karnataka,India, were enrolled into the study. The responses of the subjects (N=100) who completed a structured questionnaire regarding the awareness (heard of glaucoma) and the knowledge (understanding glaucoma) on glaucoma, formed the basis of this study.
Results:
The awareness on glaucoma was (n=13, 13%) poor in this rural eye camp. No significant difference was noted between the different age-groups (p=0.739) and between males and females (p=0.379). The awareness on glaucoma was significantly higher in the literates (p= 0.0061) and in the higher socio-economic groups (p=0.00003). A total of 5 subjects (n=5, 38.46%) knew that the visual loss due to glaucoma was permanent. The main sources of the awareness on glaucoma in this population were doctors for 5 patients (38.46%), TV/magazines/media for 4 (30.76%) patients, ophthalmologists for 2 (15.38%) patients and opticians for1 (7.69%) patients, followed by the information from a friend who suffered from this disease for 1 (7.69 %) patient.
Conclusion:
The awareness on glaucoma was poor in the rural area of the Anwal eye camp in Bagalkot district in north Karnataka, India. As compared to the previous studies, the awareness was better, due to improvement in the health care services over the years. Community based health education programmes go a long way in increasing the level of the awareness and the knowledge on glaucoma.

Keywords

Glaucoma prevalence, Awareness, Population based epidemiological study

Introduction
Glaucoma is a chronic progressive optic neuropathy with a characteristic appearance of the optic disc and a specific pattern of the visual field defects, that is associated frequently but not invariably with the raised intra-ocular pressure (1). The magnitude of the global blindness is 45 million, out of which 9 million blind people are in India (1/5th of the total blind people in the world) (2). As per the national survey on blindness (1999-2001, Government of India. Report 2002) (3), glaucoma is responsible for 5.8% cases of blindness in the 50+ population and as per the RAAB (Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness) which was conducted in 2006-07, the corresponding figure is 4.4% (4). Failure of the early detection of the disease poses a management problem towards controlling the glaucomatous blindness. Glaucoma is considered as the “sneak thief of sight”; an early detection and treatment can prevent the progression of the disease. The implementation of health education programmes that encourage the people in the community to get an ocular examination may identify those who are otherwise unaware or not willing to seek an examination and treatment. The aim of this article was to assess the level of awareness regarding glaucoma in the rural population/eye camp at the Anwal village of the Bagalkot district in north Karnataka, India.

Material and Methods

After obtaining the institutional ethical committee’s clearance, a total of 100 subjects who were above the age of 20 years, who attended the Anwal eye camp, were enrolled into the study. Anwal is a village which is situated 25kms from Bagalkot, (North Karnataka, India), with a population of 2000. The questionnaire was initially developed in English and it was translated into the local language, Kannada for the target population. Its reliability was tested among the field investigators for its administration (5). The subjects were asked whether they had heard of the eye disease, “glaucoma”. Further questions were asked about the particular eye disease, only if the subject responded positively. The awareness was defined as “having heard of glaucoma”. The knowledge was defined as “when the subject had some understanding of glaucoma”, for example “it is an increase in the pressure in the eye”, “it is a disease where the nerve of the eye becomes weak”, “it is an age related process which leads to a loss of the vision” and so on.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The statistical analysis was done by using the open epi software. The Chi-square test was applied. There were no statistically significant differences in the different age-groups regarding the awareness of glaucoma (p=0.739), (Chi-square=1.257), (degree of freedom=3).Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences in the awareness of glaucoma between the males and females (p=0.379), (Chi-square=0.773),( degree of freedom =1). There was a statistically significant difference in the awareness of glaucoma with regards to the level of education , the people with a higher level of education being more aware as compared to those with a lower level of education. (p=0.0061),(Chi-square=10.19), (degree of freedom=2) (highly significant) Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference with regards to the awareness of glaucoma in the higher socioeconomic class of the population (p=0.000038), (Chi-square=25.58),(degree of freedom=4) (highly significant).

Results

A total of 100 subjects from the Anwal eye camp (Bagalkot district, north Karnataka, India) participated in the study. The subjects who were older than 20 years responded to a structured questionnaire which was on the awareness of glaucoma. Among these, 58 were males and 42 were females. A total of 13 subjects were aware of glaucoma, there was no significant difference in the gender adjusted prevalence of the awareness of glaucoma (p=0.379) and similarly, in the different age-groups (p=0.739). The awareness on glaucoma was significantly higher in the literates (III) (p= 0.0061) and in the higher socio-economic groups (p=0.00003). The responses to the questionnaire on glaucoma have been presented in (Table/Fig 2). Of the 13 subjects who were aware of glaucoma, 2 felt that glaucoma was a high pressure in the eye, 3 felt that it was a weakening of the nerve of the eye, 3 felt that it was an ageing process which led to a loss of vision, and 5 had other opinions about it, like retinal disease, halos around the eye and pain in the eye. The sources of information for the awareness on glaucoma were: Doctors - 5 (38.46%) Ophthalmologists- 2 (15.38%) Opticians-1 (7.69%) TV/Magazines/Mass media - 4 (30.76%) Family members, relatives and friends who suffered from the disease- 1 (7.69 %) A total of 5 subjects said that the visual loss which was caused by glaucoma was permanent. A total of 2 subjects said that the visual loss was reversible. A total of 6 subjects said that they did not know whether the visual loss which was caused by glaucoma was permanent or reversible. (Table/Fig 3) compares the present study and the past studies which were done on glaucoma awareness.

Discussion

Glaucoma is a sight threatening disease of the eye; it is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the developing and the developed countries. Approximately 15% of all the blindness is due to glaucoma and it has been estimated that around 6, 00,000 people per year go blind due to glaucoma worldwide. The awareness on glaucoma in our study population was poor. This situation is significantly worse in India as compared to that in other countries (Table/Fig 3). Even among the rural people who were aware of glaucoma, the knowledge about it was poor. Adequate access to and the proper utilization of the eye care services can create a greater awareness and an exposure to the information about the various eye diseases, which include glaucoma. Education and the socio-economic status were found to play a significant role in the level of awareness on glaucoma in this rural population. While many complicated eye diseases can be treated in hospitals, the public awareness on the eye care issues remain low. An effective eye health education may influence individuals to consider eye screening and eye care. This may lead to an early detection of glaucoma and it may prevent blindness. Educating the rural community on the consequences of a delayed treatment of glaucoma will be an important component in the promotion of the preventive ophthalmic care. The mass media and word of mouth can be effective tools for generating an awareness on regular and timely eye check ups, particularly for those who are above 40 years of age and those who are the blood relatives of glaucoma patients. The strategy should be to increase the awareness on glaucoma in the selected high-risk target audience in the rural community.

Conclusion

Diabetic patients have a decreased cognition as compared to the non-diabetics. There is no correlation of age, sex, the duration of diabetes and the HbA1C values with the cognition impairment among the diabetics. The routine assessment of the diabetic complications should include the evaluation of the cognition status. By an early implementation of MMSE, we can detect even a mild cognitive impairment, so that the adequate treatment can be given, to prevent dementia.

Acknowledgement

The present study was conducted as a short term student research project by Mr. Karan, III year MBBS student of the 2009 batch, under the guidance of Dr.N.Shuba, Assistant Professor in Physiology, PSGIMS and R, Coimbatore. We acknowledge the financial grant from ICMR, New Delhi.

References

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Kanski JJ. Glaucoma, Clinical Ophthalmology a systemic approach, 6th edition. Butterworth &Heinmann Elsevier Saunders publisher, 2007; 372-439.
2.
Changing Patterns in Global Blindness 1988-2008. Community Eye Health September 2008; 21 (67): 37-9.
3.
Government of India, National Survey on Blindness: 1999-2001, Report 2002.
4.
Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) in India 2006- 2007; PLoS one 2008 August.6; 3(8):e2867.
5.
Dandona R, Dandona L , Naduvibta T J , Nanda A, Mcgarty CA. The design of a population based study on the visual impairment in India. The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. Indian J Ophthalmol 1997; 45: 251-7.
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Krishnaiah S, Kovai V, Srinivas M, Shamanna BR, Rao Gullapalli N, Thomas R, et al. Awareness on glaucoma in a rural population in southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2005; 53:205-8.
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Saw SM, Gazzard G, Friedman D, Foster PJ, Devereux JG, Wong ML, et al. The awareness on glaucoma and the health beliefs of patients who suffer from primary acute angle closure glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:446-9.
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Dandona R, Dandona L, John RK, McCarthy CA, Rao GN. Awareness on eye diseases in an urban population in southern India. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79:96-102.
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Gasch AT, Wang P, Pasquale LR. Determinants of the glaucoma awareness in a general eye clinic. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:303-8.

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ID: JCDR/2012/4773:2443

Financial OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS:
None.
Date of Submission: Jun 28, 2012
Date of Peer Review: Jul 28, 2012
Date of Acceptance: Aug 17, 2012
Date of Publishing: Sep 30, 2012

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