Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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On Aug 2018




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MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
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My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


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Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
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Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Case report
Year : 2010 | Month : August | Volume : 4 | Issue : 4 | Page : 2918 - 2921 Full Version

Keratomycosis With Superadded Bacterial Infection Due To Corticosteroid Abuse-A Case Report


Published: August 1, 2010 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2010/.855
KUMAR A*, PANDYA S**, MADAN M***, KAVATHIA G****

(MD)Microbiology, clinical assistant professor dept. of microbiology Amrita Institute of medical sciences Ponekara ,kochi,Kerala,(India) ** (MS) Ophthalmology, Resident Medical Officer G.T Seth Eye Hospital , Rajkot , Gujrat, (India) *** (MD), Microbiology,Prof and Head Dept of Microbiology, Subrati Medical college,Merut,U.P,(India) ****,(M.D), Microbiology, Associate Prof.Dept Of Microbioly,P.D.U Medical College,Civil Hospital Campus Rajkot,Gogujarat,(India)

Correspondence Address :
DR.V.Anil Kumar
(MD)Microbiology, Clinical Assistant Pofessor Dept. of Microbiology Amrita Institute of medical sciences Ponekara ,kochi,Kerala-682041,(India)
E.mail:vanilkumar@aims.amrita.edu
PH:Off:0484-2801234(Extn:8010,8015)
Mob:09746686414

Abstract

We report a case of keratomycosis by Aspergillus flavus with superadded bacterial infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An 83 years old male patient was referred to our institute with pain and copious mucopurulent discharge from the left eye of 15 days duration. Clinically, the case was diagnosed as keratomycosis. Gram stain showed Gram variable fungal elements and Gram negative bacteria, while the potassium hydroxide preparation showed branching septate hyphae.

Keywords

mycotic keratits, Aspergillus flavus, corticosteroids

Introduction
Keratomycosis is a clinical entity which is defined as the infection of the corneal stroma which is caused by a variety of fungal species. The majority of keratomycosis cases occur among the agricultural workers following corneal trauma with vegetative material contaminated with fungi. More than 70 genera of moulds and yeast have been associated with keratomycosis (1). Hyaline moulds like aspergillus and fusarium are more frequently isolated as causative agents than the phaeoid (dematiaceous) mould (2),(4) .Fusarium and aspergillus dominate the list of the causative agents of keratomycosis. Concomitant occurrence of bacterial and fungal keratitis is not an uncommon occurrence. Staphyloccous aureus is the most common cause of bacterial keratitis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is assuming predominance and is frequently reported as a cause of keratitis in association with daily or extended wear soft contact lenses, as a contaminant in the hospital environment, in fluoroscein solution, in cosmetics and in burns patients.

Case Report

An 83 year old male villager presented with pain and copious mucopurulent discharge from left eye since 15 days. He gave a history of cataract surgery by phacoemulsification 3 months ago, with insertion of a posterior capsule intra ocular lens (IOL). The patient was relatively asymptomatic till 2 months ago, while regularly attending follow-up. He was prescribed dexamethasone and chloramphenicol eye drops, one drop six times daily for one week, followed by one drop four times daily for four weeks, which were to be gradually tapered off. Initially, he complained of slight discomfort with foreign body sensation in his operated eye. The patient increased the frequency of the drops with the belief that it would bring relief. On the contrary, his condition worsened and he started complaining of photophobia and profuse sticky discharge. By the time he presented in our institute, he had a severe form of the ulcerative disease.

On ocular examination, a central corneal ulcer, 10mm in diameter and whitish on the surface with characteristic feathery edges in the left eye was seen. There was a copious amount of mucopurulent yellowish green exudate that adhered tenaciously to the ulcer surface and covered the conjunctiva. The bulbar and palpebral conjunctivas were diffusely congested and vision was impaired in that eye. The right eye was opthalmologically normal. For microbiological examination, corneal scraping was collected under aseptic conditions and topical natamycin therapy was started.

A Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation revealed thick hyaline septate hyphae exhibiting acute angled branching. Gram stain revealed Gram variable hyphae with many pus cells and Gram negative bacteria. On blood agar, beta haemolytic colonies appeared after overnight incubation. The organism was oxidase positive, it produced a green pigment when it was subcultured on nutrient agar and it was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa by standard biochemical reactions. The isolate was sensitive to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, amikacin and gentamicin. After five days of incubation at room temperature, sabourauds dextrose agar (SDA) showed a velvety yellow to green colony with a red brown reverse. On the basis of morphological features in slide culture, the isolate was identified as Aspergillus flavus. Since the patient had extensive ulceration, he was put on parenteral ofloxacin, oral fluconazole and topical natamycin and ciprofloxacin eye drops. The patient started responding from the third day onwards and was discharged after 15 days of intensive therapy.

Discussion

The most important defense barrier for the cornea is an intact corneal epithelial layer. The majority of corneal infections result from trauma to the corneal epithelium. Alteration of any local type (ectropion, entropion and lagophthalmos, tear deficiency diseases, etc) or systemic (diabetes, immunodeficiency states) defense mechanisms may predispose to corneal infection. Inappropriate use of antibiotics may eliminate the natural protection which is provided by the normal ocular flora and predispose the patient to opportunistic infection. The use of topical corticosteroids may cause localized immunosupression, predisposing the patient to bacterial keratitis. A study reporting bacterial keratitis in elderly patients found prior surgery as one of the leading risk factors (5).

Pathogenesis of bacterial keratits initially requires the adhesion of bacteria to disrupted or normal corneal epithelium. A few bacteria such as Nisseria gonorrhoea, Cornybacterium diphtheria, Shigella spp. and Listeria spp. may directly penetrate the corneal epithelium (4). In the present case, there were three predisposing factors, namely, old age, operative manipulation and the excess use of topical corticosteriods and antibiotics. The corneal epithelium may have been damaged during the operation, which must have led to the corneal ulcer. The aggravating factors like old age and the excess use of corticosteriods and antibiotics may have led to the flaring up of the infection.

Corticosteroids and antibiotics can also interfere with the normal chemotactic response. Corticosteroids may enhance the invasion of saprophytic organisms, but may also alter the clinical signs of the infection (12).
Corticosteroids and immunosupressive agents impair the host defenses by
-Inhibiting chemotaxis and ingestion by phagocytes.
-Blocking degranulation.
-Interfering with lysosomal levels.
-Reducing the production of phagocytes.

Topical antibiotics can suppress various inhibitory substances by suppressing the normal flora and leading to secondary infection by saprophytic organisms. Partial suppression of bacterial replication by sublethal antibiotics can:
-Diminish the suppurative process
-Mask the typical features of the infection
-Produce atypical features.

Concomitant infection by both bacteria and fungus is not uncommon, since they share the same predisposing factors. The relative frequency of different bacteria as causative agents in keratitis may vary geographically. Pseudomonas species is reported to be the most commonly isolated organism (7),(8), especially in association with daily or extended wear contact lenses (8),(9). Being widely distributed in nature, pseudomonas can easily contaminate ophthalmical preparations (9),cosmetics (10), etc. Pseudomonas produces perhaps the most distinctive bacterial corneal infection, but ulcers caused by other Gram negative bacteria lack such discriminating features. The bacterial corneal infection caused by Pseudomonas presents with a rapidly progressive central or paracentral broad shallow ulcer, with a copious mucopurulent, yellowish green exudate that adheres tenaciously to the grey ulcer surface and covers the conjunctiva. The remaining cornea has a ground glass appearance with loss of transparency or a diffuse graying of the epithelium away from the ulcer site (12). The ulcer can progress rapidly (with or without treatment) to a stromal abscess that can spread concentrically and symmetrically to form a ring ulcer, which is accompanied by a large hypopyon. Perforation is a distinct threat. Several clinical types of pseudomonas keratitis are seen. The most common one is caused by a cornea virulent strain that has the potential for the rapid destruction of the stroma and early descematocele formation (liquefactive necrosis), with risk of perforation within a day. The virulence is attributed to the production of proteolytic enzymes.

The fungi are opportunistic organisms and colonize when the natural defenses of the eye are abrogated. Essentially, all are saprobic fungi and are not associated with infection in healthy individuals(11). Injudicious use of corticosteriods and antibacterial agents for external ocular disease enhances the risk of keratomycosis Under normal conditions, saprophytic fungi are destroyed by humoral and cellular defense mechanisms and a large number of spores of aspergillus and fusarium generally produce only mild keratitis. However, when corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents are given, the invasive ability of the fungus is enhanced.

Filamentous fungi are responsible for up to one third of all traumatic infections. Fungi are unable to penetrate the intact epithelium and hence, any trauma, particularly organic matter, facilitates the penetration of the fungal innoculum into the corneal stroma (11). Filamentous fungal keratitis can occur after surgeries such as penetrating keratoplasty and radial keratotomy .In fungal keratitis, the inflammatory reaction results from
-Replicating and non replicating fungi
-Mycotoxin
-Proteolytic enzymes
-Soluble fungal agents

Our patient responded to topical natamycin and ciprofloxacin with systemic ofloxacin and fluconazole, thus indicating its use in the management of mixed infectious keratitis due to Aspergillus flavus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

References

1.
Prajna NV, Rao RA, Mathen MM, Prajna L, George C, Srinivasan M. Simultaneous bilateral fungal keratitis caused by different fungi. Indian J of Ophthalmol 2002; 50:213-14.
2.
Vijaya D, Sumathi, Malini. Keratomycosis due to Fusarium Oxysporum-a case report. Indian Journal of Pathol Microbiol 2001; 44: 337-38.
3.
Deshapande SD, Koppikar GV. A study of Mycotic Keratitis in Mumbai. Indian Journal of Pathol Microbiol.1999; 42: 81-7.
4.
Basak SK, Basak S, Mohanta A, Bhowmick A. Epidemiological and Microbiological Diagnosis of Suppurative Keratitis in Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2005;53:17-22.
5.
Kunimoto DY, Sharma S, Garg P, Gopinathan U, David Miller & Rao GN. Corneal ulceration in elderly in Hyderabad, South India. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 54-9.
6.
O'Brien TP. Bacterial keratitis, Chapter 94. In: Cornea: Cornea and External Diseases, Clinical Diagnosis and Management. Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland EJ, Eds. (St. Louis, Mosby). 1997:1139-89.
7.
Bharathi MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Vasu S, Meenakshi R, Shivkumar C, Palaniappan R. Epidemiology of bacterial keratitis in a referral centre in South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2003;21:239-45.
8.
Houang E, Larn D, Fan D, Seal D. Microbial keratitis in Hong Kong: relationship to climate, environment and contact-lens disinfection. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95:361-7.
9.
Schein OD, Wasson P J, Boruchoff SA & Kenyon KR. Microbial Keratitis associated with contaminated ocular medication. Am J Ophthalmol 1988; 105: 361.
10.
Upadhyay MP, Karmacharya PC, Koirala S, Tuladhar N, Bryan LE, Smolin G, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics, predisposing factors, and etiologic diagnosis of corneal ulceration in Nepal. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 111:92-9.
11.
Jagdish Chander. Textbook of Medical Mycology .2nd ed. Mehta Publishers; 2002: 309-317.
12.
Kaufman HE, Barron BA, McDonald MB, Kaufman SC. Companion Handbook to the Cornea. 2nd ed. Woburn, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000:517-18.

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