Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

Users Online : 303262

AbstractMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementReferencesDOI and Others
Article in PDF How to Cite Citation Manager Readers' Comments (0) Audio Visual Article Statistics Link to PUBMED Print this Article Send to a Friend
Advertisers Access Statistics Resources

Dr Mohan Z Mani

"Thank you very much for having published my article in record time.I would like to compliment you and your entire staff for your promptness, courtesy, and willingness to be customer friendly, which is quite unusual.I was given your reference by a colleague in pathology,and was able to directly phone your editorial office for clarifications.I would particularly like to thank the publication managers and the Assistant Editor who were following up my article. I would also like to thank you for adjusting the money I paid initially into payment for my modified article,and refunding the balance.
I wish all success to your journal and look forward to sending you any suitable similar article in future"



Dr Mohan Z Mani,
Professor & Head,
Department of Dermatolgy,
Believers Church Medical College,
Thiruvalla, Kerala
On Sep 2018




Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar

"Over the last few years, we have published our research regularly in Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Having published in more than 20 high impact journals over the last five years including several high impact ones and reviewing articles for even more journals across my fields of interest, we value our published work in JCDR for their high standards in publishing scientific articles. The ease of submission, the rapid reviews in under a month, the high quality of their reviewers and keen attention to the final process of proofs and publication, ensure that there are no mistakes in the final article. We have been asked clarifications on several occasions and have been happy to provide them and it exemplifies the commitment to quality of the team at JCDR."



Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar
Head, Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad
Chairman, Research Group, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad
National Joint Coordinator - Advanced IAP NNF NRP Program
Ex-Member, Governing Body, National Neonatology Forum, New Delhi
Ex-President - National Neonatology Forum Gujarat State Chapter
Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat.
On Sep 2018




Dr. Kalyani R

"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



Dr Kalyani R
Professor and Head
Department of Pathology
Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College
Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka
On Sep 2018




Dr. Saumya Navit

"As a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research provides an opportunity to researchers, scientists and budding professionals to explore the developments in the field of medicine and dentistry and their varied specialities, thus extending our view on biological diversities of living species in relation to medicine.
‘Knowledge is treasure of a wise man.’ The free access of this journal provides an immense scope of learning for the both the old and the young in field of medicine and dentistry as well. The multidisciplinary nature of the journal makes it a better platform to absorb all that is being researched and developed. The publication process is systematic and professional. Online submission, publication and peer reviewing makes it a user-friendly journal.
As an experienced dentist and an academician, I proudly recommend this journal to the dental fraternity as a good quality open access platform for rapid communication of their cutting-edge research progress and discovery.
I wish JCDR a great success and I hope that journal will soar higher with the passing time."



Dr Saumya Navit
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Saraswati Dental College
Lucknow
On Sep 2018




Dr. Arunava Biswas

"My sincere attachment with JCDR as an author as well as reviewer is a learning experience . Their systematic approach in publication of article in various categories is really praiseworthy.
Their prompt and timely response to review's query and the manner in which they have set the reviewing process helps in extracting the best possible scientific writings for publication.
It's a honour and pride to be a part of the JCDR team. My very best wishes to JCDR and hope it will sparkle up above the sky as a high indexed journal in near future."



Dr. Arunava Biswas
MD, DM (Clinical Pharmacology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital , Kolkata




Dr. C.S. Ramesh Babu
" Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a multi-specialty medical and dental journal publishing high quality research articles in almost all branches of medicine. The quality of printing of figures and tables is excellent and comparable to any International journal. An added advantage is nominal publication charges and monthly issue of the journal and more chances of an article being accepted for publication. Moreover being a multi-specialty journal an article concerning a particular specialty has a wider reach of readers of other related specialties also. As an author and reviewer for several years I find this Journal most suitable and highly recommend this Journal."
Best regards,
C.S. Ramesh Babu,
Associate Professor of Anatomy,
Muzaffarnagar Medical College,
Muzaffarnagar.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Arundhathi. S
"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
The journal has a monthly publication and the articles are published quite fast. In time compared to other journals. The on-line first publication is also a great advantage and facility to review one's own articles before going to print. The response to any query and permission if required, is quite fast; this is quite commendable. I have a very good experience about seeking quick permission for quoting a photograph (Fig.) from a JCDR article for my chapter authored in an E book. I never thought it would be so easy. No hassles.
Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2011 | Month : February | Volume : 5 | Issue : 1 | Page : 63 - 65 Full Version

Paraoxonase Activity In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With And Without Complications


Published: February 1, 2011 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2011/.1166
RENUKA SUVARNA*, SOUMYA S RAO*, CHITRALEKHA JOSHI*, VIVEKANANDA KEDAGE*, MANJUNATHA S MUTTIGI*, JEEVAN K SHETTY**, MUNGLI PRAKASH***

*MSC, Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India; **MD, Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India; ***MD, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, St Matthew’s University, School of medicine, Grand, Cayman, Cayman Islands, BWI

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Prakash Mungli MD.,
Department of biochemistry and genetics,
St Matthew's University, School of Medicine,
P.O.BOX 30992, Regatta Office Park, Leeward Three,
Grand Cayman KY1-1204, CAYMAN ISLANDS, BWI.
Tel: +1 345 814 3187
Email: prakashmungli@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of metabolic dysregulation. The current study was undertaken to understand the relationship between the fasting lipid profile and the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in type 2 diabetic patients, with and without complications.
Materials and methods: The study group consisted of a total of 155 subjects, which included non-diabetic healthy control subjects (n = 50) and diabetic patients with complications (group I, n = 66) and without complications (group II, n=39). PON1 activity was measured in all the subjects, based on spectrophotometric methods and the fasting lipid profile and the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were determined by using a clinical chemistry analyzer, Hitachi 912.
Results: FPG (p<0.001) and triacylglycerides (TAG) (p<0.001) were significantly increased and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (p<0.001) and PON1 (p<0.001) were significantly decreased in group I patients as compared to the normal controls. In group II patients, FPG (p<0.001), TAG (p<0.001) and total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.05) were significantly increased and HDL-C (p<0.05) was significantly decreased as compared to the normal controls. By using Pearson’s correlation, HDL-C was found to be positively correlated with PON1 in group I patients (r=0.317, p<0.01).
Conclusion: Type 2 DM patients with complications have significantly decreased HDL-C levels and PON1 activity, possibly indicating their decreased biochemical roles in these patients.

Keywords

PON1, Fasting lipid profile, Diabetes, Anti-atherogenesis.

Introduction
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of metabolic dysregulation, involving the impaired uptake and the utilization of glucose, altered lipid metabolism, the accumulation of various lipid species in the circulation and in the tissues, and the disruption of metabolic signaling pathways that regulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta-cells.(1) Previous studies have shown that increased levels of oxidative damage to lipids in diabetes, and their presence correlated with the development of complications.(2), (3) Several studies have demonstrated that the increased susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidation and higher levels of oxidized LDL in DM correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. (3)(4) (5)

Monitoring the trends in cardiovascular complications via Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is of critical importance in managing patients with type 2 DM.(6) PON1 is an ester hydrolase which is present in serum and in the liver. Serum PON1 is located in a subfraction of high density lipoprotein (HDL) that contains apoA-I and clusterin (apoJ). It has been suggested that, this subfraction of HDL is principally responsible for the breakdown of lipid peroxides, and that it consequently protects against lipoprotein oxidation. (7), (8) Low serum PON1 activity, independent of genotype, has been reported with diseases which are known to be associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as DM, hypercholesterolaemia, and renal failure. In the case of diabetes, serum PON1 activity is decreased even before the onset of clinical CVD and in animal models of diabetes.(9)

This study was conducted to establish the relationship between PON 1 activity and fasting lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients with and without complications.

Material and Methods

Subjects
The study group consisted of a total of 155 subjects, which included non-diabetic healthy control subjects (n =50) and type 2 DM patients (n = 105). The duration of diabetes in all the patients was 10±4 years. We grouped the type 2 DM patients into two groups. Group I (n=66) consisted of type 2 DM patients with complications of nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, ischaemic heart disease, diabetic gangrene, hemiplegia, and paraplegia, and group II (n=39) consisted of type 2 DM patients without any clinically demonstrable complications. On taking the treatment history, 17 patients were found to be on a diabetic diet and lifestyle modifications, 23 were on insulin therapy, 42 were on oral hypoglycaemic drugs, and 23 were on both insulin and oral hypoglycaemic drugs. The healthy controls were not on any kind of prescribed medication or dietary restrictions. Informed consent was taken from all subjects and this study was approved by the institutional ethics committee.
Sample and Reagents
Under aseptic conditions 5 mL each of fasting blood samples were drawn into plain and EDTA-NaF containing vacutainers from the antecubital vein, from type 2 DM patients and healthy controls, for the assessment of the lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), respectively. The vacutainers containing the blood samples were kept at room temperature for 30 min and were centrifuged at 2000g for 15 min for the clear separation of serum or plasma. All assays were performed immediately after the serum or plasma was separated. The special chemical, Paraoxone, was obtained from Sigma Chemi. Co. (St Louis, MO). All other reagents were of the analytical grade.
Biochemical Determinations
PON1 was estimated spectrophotometrically by the method which is described elsewhere, with minimal modifications.(10) Briefly, the assay mixture consisted of 500 μl of 2.2 mmol/l paraoxone substrate in 0.1 mol/l tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, containing 2 mmol/l CaCl2 and 50 μl of fresh serum specimen. The absorbance was monitored at 405 nm, at 25 °C. The PON 1 activity was expressed in international units (IU). One IU was defined as 1 μmol of p-nitrophenol which was formed/min/L at 25 °C.

FPG and fasting lipid profile were estimated by an enzymatic kinetic assay method by using an automated analyzer, Hitachi model 912. FPG was determined by the modified glucose oxidase/peroxidase method. (11) Total cholesterol estimation was done by the cholesterol oxidase method; HDL cholesterol was estimated by the same method after precipitating the low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), very-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and the chylomicrons. (12) Triglycerides were estimated by using an enzymatic mixture containing lipoprotein lipase, glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and peroxidase. (13) Low density lipoprotein levels were calculated by using Fridewald’s formula. (14)
Statistical Analysis
The results were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD). A p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-16, Chicago, USA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean values, followed by multiple comparison post hoc tests. Pearson’s correlation was applied to correlate between the parameters.

Results

As shown in (Table/Fig 1), in group I, FPG (p<0.001), TAG (p<0.001) and total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C ratio (p<0.001) were found to be significantly increased, and levels of HDL-C (p<0.001) and PON1 (p<0.001) were found to be significantly decreased as compared to the normal controls. In group II patients, FPG (p<0.001), TAG (p<0.001), TC (p<0.05) and TC/HDL-C ratio (p<0.001) levels were found to be significantly increased and HDL-C (p<0.05) was found to be significantly decreased as compared to the normal controls. HDL-C was found to be positively correlated with PON1 in the group I patients (r=0.317, p<0.01).

Discussion

Significantly high levels of FPG (p<0.001) in the group I patients indicated a poor glycaemic control in these patients, which led to the increased glycation of proteins and other biomolecules. Prolonged dysglycaemia in these patients might have caused increased damage to the biomolecules and the biomembranes, thus leading to various diabetes associated complications. (15) A significant increase in TAG and the TC/HDL-C ratio and a significant decrease in HDL-C and PON1 activity in the group I patients indicated diabetes dyslipidaemia. Especially, significantly decreased HDL-C in these patients significantly affected the activity of PON1.
After the further classification of the group I patients based on the prospective treatment history from the case records, 23 patients were started on both insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents, on their first presentation to the hospital, their FPG being 203.35±94.59, HDL-C being 30.56±12.63, and PON1 being 76.21±24.27. This data indicates the poor glycaemic control and significantly decreased HDL-C and PON1 levels, especially in patients with various diabetes related complications when compared to the group II patients and the normal healthy controls.
This fact was further evidenced by the correlation data of our study, where HDL-C was found to be positively correlated with PON1 in group I patients (r=0.317, p<0.01). This decrease in the activity of PON1 might prevent the normal physiological function of HDL-C and its anti-atherogenesis function, thereby leading to accelerated atherogenesis and its related complications in these patients. (9) Although there was increase in the TAG and the TC levels and the TC/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C levels were not significantly increased. There was a marginal decrease in HDL-C in the group II patients, but this did not alter the activity of PON1 in these patients. This may possibly indicate the significant physiologically active functioning of PON1 in these patients, thus protecting them from diabetes related complications. But, a further, prospective, well designed, clinical and pathophysiological study has to be undertaken to establish this fact.
It can be concluded that type 2 DM patients with complications have significantly decreased HDL-C levels and PON1 activity, possibly indicating their decreased biochemical roles in these patients.

Acknowledgement

We thank our Dean Dr. Sripathi Rao, and Dr. S Sudhakar Nayak, professor and head, department of biochemistry for financial support.

References

1.
Randle PJ. Regulatory interactions between lipids and carbohydrates: the glucose fatty acid cycle after thirty five years. Diabete Metab Rev 1998; 14: 263-283.
2.
Chait A, Brazg R, Tribble D, Krauss R. Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B. Am J Med. 1993; 94: 350–356.
3.
Mackness MI, Harty D, Bhatnagar D, Winocour PH, Arrol S, Ishola M, Durrington PN. Serum paraoxonase activity in familial hypercholesterolaemia and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 1991; 86: 193–199.
4.
Abbott CA, Mackness MI, Kumar S, Boulton AJM, Durrington PN. Serum paraoxonase activity, concentration, and phenotype distribution in diabetes mellitus and its relationship to serum lipids and lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995; 15: 1812–1818.
5.
Mackness B, Mackness MI, Arrol S, Turkie W, Julier K, Abuashia B, Miller JE, Boulton AJM, Durrington PN. Serum paraoxonase (PON1) 55 and 192 polymorphism and paraoxonase activity and concentration in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 1998; 139: 341–349.
6.
Mackness B, Durrington PN, Abuashia B, Boulton AJM, Mackness MI. Low paraoxonase activity in type II diabetes complicated by retinopathy. Clin Sci. 2000; 98: 355–363.
7.
Primo-Parma SL, Sorenson RC, Teiber J, La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase gene (PON1) is one member of a multigene family. Genomics. 1996; 33: 498–509.
8.
Mackness MI, Mackness B, Durrington PN, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Paraoxonase: biochemistry, genetics and relationship to plasma lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1996; 7: 69–76.
9.
Durrington P N, Mackness B, Mackness M I. Paraoxonase and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2001; 21: 473.
10.
Schiavon R, De Fanti E, Giavarina D, Biasioli S, Cavalcanti G, Guidi G. Serum paraoxonase activity is decreased in uremic patients. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 247: 71–80.
11.
Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidaseperoxidase system with a non-carcinogenic chromogen. J Clin Pathol 1969 Mar; 22(2):158-61.
12.
Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol. Clin Chem 1974; 20(6):470-75.
13.
McGowan MW. An improved enzymatic method for determination of blood triglycerides by oxidase system. Clin Chem1983 97:142-44.
14.
Friedewald W T, Levy R I, Fredrickson D S. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma ,without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499-502.
15.
Kalousova M, Krha J, Zima T. Advanced glycation end-products and advanced oxidation protein products in patients with diabetes mellitus. Physiol Res 2002; 51: 597-604.

Tables and Figures
[Table / Fig - 1]
DOI and Others

JCDR/2011/1166

JCDR is now Monthly and more widely Indexed .
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
  • Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
  • Academic Search Complete Database
  • Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
  • Embase
  • EBSCOhost
  • Google Scholar
  • HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
  • Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
  • Journal seek Database
  • Google
  • Popline (reproductive health literature)
  • www.omnimedicalsearch.com