Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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On Sep 2018




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"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



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Lucknow
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Muzaffarnagar.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Arundhathi. S
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Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
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Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
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Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2022 | Month : August | Volume : 16 | Issue : 8 | Page : YC01 - YC04 Full Version

Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Gujarati Version of Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity


Published: August 1, 2022 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2022/58115.16761
Dharti Shah, Subhash Khatri

1. PhD Scholar, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Sankalchand Patel University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India. 2. Principal, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Nootan College of Physiotherapy, Sankalchand Patel University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dharti Shah,
11, Indravilla, Navjivan Soc No. 2, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
E-mail: dharti16shah@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Physical activity is an important factor for healthy ageing and inactivity can lead to various disorders. The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) is an established method for assessing physical activity in adults aged over 50 years.

Aim: To compare the cross-cultural adaptation and translation of English RAPA into Gujarati language and to identify the psychometric properties of the Gujarati RAPA.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from October 2021 to February 2022 with the original author’s permission and the study was completed in three phases (i) Translation and cross-cultural adaptation (ii) Face and content validity (iii) Test-retest reliability. The author’s suggested procedure was undertaken for translation and the consensus method was used for face and content validity. Total nine experts from different fields examined each item of the Gujarati RAPA. Total 108 participants were included in the study and to find test-retest reliability, one week interval was used.

Results: Total 108 participants with mean age of 61.6±7.82 years were studied. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR) for item 1 was 0.88 and for all other items, the value was 1. Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) value of all the items of Gujarati RAPA was >0.79%. Test-retest reliability measured by weighted kappa k (for RAPA1: 0.82 and RAPA2: 0.73) was very good.

Conclusion: Gujarati RAPA had good face and content validity and very good test-retest reliability. Hence, it is a useful tool for the assessment of physical activity in Gujarati speaking population.

Keywords

Cross-cultural comparison, Exercise, Language, Translation

Ageing is an important part of human life. Prediction based on research says that approximately 20% of the Indian population will be more than 60 years of age in 2050. This major change in demographics will impose greater challenges at both social and economic levels (1).

Physical activity is one of the important factors which can affect the rate of ageing (2). Physical inactivity is associated with mortality in older adults and it is a global public health challenge (3). Based on studies, regular participation of elderly people in physical activity training can improve cardiovascular functions, improve work capacity and functional ability, lower the blood pressure, and can also reduce the risk of chronic diseases (4).

Adults aged 65 years and older are recommended to engage in 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity aerobic activities. Alternatively, the American Heart Association recommends 75 minutes per week of high and moderate intensity aerobic activities (3). In numerous research, measuring physical activity levels is a key indicator of how well therapeutic or pharmaceutical treatments are working. Given the importance of physical exercise, it is crucial to have a strong tool for evaluating it (5). For the understanding and guidance of public health recommendations, several physical activity questionnaires have been validated in older adults (5). A large number of existing physical activity questionnaires have not been translated or localised for Gujarati speakers and are primarily drafted in English. Since RAPA have high ability to find true positive/negative rate and also have a good positive/negative screening ability, it stands out different from existing physical activity questionnaire.

The original RAPA questionnaire contains nine questions with a response option of yes or no and is divided into two parts. RAPA1 includes a physical activity level ranging from sedentary to regular. RAPA2 includes questions regarding strength and flexibility training. To understand each level of physical activity, descriptions were accompanied by graphic and text depictions (6). So, the present study was aimed at cross-cultural adaptation and translation of English RAPA into Gujarati and to identify psychometric properties of the Gujarati version of RAPA.

Material and Methods

The present cross-sectional study was carried out in Ahmedabad city of Gujarat from October 2021 to February 2022. Ethical approval was taken by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Nootan College of Physiotherapy with Ref no. NCP/305-A/2021. Before enrollment, all the participants gave written informed consent.

Inclusion criteria:

1. Age ≥50 years
2. Both male or female participants
3. Able to ambulate with or without the assistive devices
4. Able to read the Gujarati language

Exclusion criteria:

1. Anyone with medical, surgical, or neurological condition that limited their physical activity
2. Severe cognitive impairment

Sample size calculation: In line with the recommendation of sample size being atleast 10 times the number of questions of questionnaire (5), the sample size was determined to be 90 participants as per 9 items of the RAPA. But by considering 20% dropouts, 108 participants were considered for final analysis.

Translation and Cross-cultural Adaptation

Permission from the original RAPA author was taken for cultural adaptation and translation of the RAPA to the Gujarati language (6). In line with the Beaton guidelines and the original author’s suggestions, the process of translation and cultural adaptation was carried out (7).

The process consisted of forward translation, reconciliation, backward translation, comparison with the original source, and cognitive debriefing.

1) Forward translation: Two bilingual independent Gujarati native speakers (one with a healthcare background and one without a healthcare background) forward translated the RAPA questionnaire from English to Gujarati.

2) Reconciliation: A reconciled questionnaire was formed by combining the forward translated versions of the initial translators.

3) Back translation: Two bilingual independent translators (one who had no knowledge of the original RAPA questionnaire and one with knowledge of the RAPA) backward translated the reconciled Gujarati version into the English language. Both the backward translated versions were combined and made reconciled one backward translation.

4) Harmonisation and cultural adaptation: A researcher compared the reconciled and backward translated versions with the original source. For cultural adaptation, walking with a pet in light activities was changed to a man walking with a baby in a stroller; because walking with a pet is not common in Gujarati culture. An example of a light activity showing the picture of a man cleaning with a vacuum was replaced with a woman using a vacuum because women are often responsible for housekeeping activities in the Gujarati culture. The picture of swimming gently in moderate activities was replaced by a stair climbing activity due to cultural differences. In vigorous activity, racquetball and pickleball game was replaced by cricket because cricket is common gameplay of Gujarat.

5) Cognitive debriefing: Total 12 older adults (with age >50 years) out of 108 participants were asked to fill a prefinal version. In an interview, participants were asked regarding words, language and terminology, instruction, and lucidity of choices available in responses and based on their feedback, the prefinal questionnaire was considered acceptable.

The prefinal version was shared with the original author of RAPA for approval and after approval, the prefinal version was considered ready to use.

Validity and Reliability Procedures

The study process was carried out in two stages:

1. Face and content validity: Gujarati RAPA was given to nine experts with a mean experience of 11.5 years which included Geriatric physician and Physiotherapist from different fields. The consensus method was used to find face and content validity of Gujarati version of RAPA. Each item of the Gujarati RAPA was reviewed for content, phrasing, meaning, format, and simplicity of administration by all nine experts. By considering suggestions from experts, 80% consensus was achieved. All items of the Gujarati RAPA were accepted by all nine experts for above mentioned criteria.

For content validity, all the nine experts were requested to rate each item on the questionnaire on a scale of 1 to 3, with 1 denoting “not necessary”, 2 denoting “useful but not essential” and 3 denoting “essential” (8).

The following formula was used to determine the Content Validity Ratio (CVR):

CVR=(Ne-N/2)/(N/2)

Where Ne=Number of experts denoting “essential”

N=Total number of experts (8).

CVR value 0.78 was approved by Lawshe CH (9).

For Item level Content Validation Index (I-CVI) all experts were asked to score items on a 4-point ordinal scale where 1 indicating not relevant, 2 indicating somewhat relevant, 3 indicating quite relevant and 4 indicating highly relevant. It was calculated using the below formula:

I-CVI=Number of experts offering 3 or 4/total number of experts

For interpretation >79%-appropriate, 70-79%-needs revision and <70%-eliminated (8).

2. Reliability: For the test-retest reliability study, 108 participants were recruited. All participants provided their written informed consent. Each participant received Gujarati RAPA twice, separated by a week.

Statistical Analysis

For statistical analysis, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was utilised. To describe characteristics of participants, descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used. Test-retest reliability was assessed using weighted Kappa (k). An online calculator (Vassar Stats) was used to calculate weighted kappa (k). A weighted k-value of ≥0.7 for reliability was considered acceptable for physical activity instruments (10). The level of significance was kept at p<0.05.

Results

Total 108 participants aged more than 50 years participated in the study. Among these participants, 50 were males and 58 were females. (Table/Fig 1) shows the mean and standard deviation of age and Body Mass Index (BMI).

Content and face validity: All the experts (n=9) indicated 3 “essential” for eight items of the Gujarati RAPA out of nine items. Item 1 was scored 2 “useful but not essential” by one expert. So, the CVR value of item 1 was 0.88 and for all other items was 1. All CVR values were more than 0.78, which suggested approval for each item (Table/Fig 2).

All I-CVI values for each item were >0.79% suggesting that every item in the Gujarati RAPA was appropriate (Table/Fig 3).

For face validation, 12 participants gave their opinion regarding the wording, meaning, format, and easy understandability of each item. According to them, all the items were acceptable and could be used for evaluation of physical activity.

Using the first application of the Gujarati RAPA, 18 (16.6%) participants were categorised as sedentary, 27 (25%) as underactive, 47 (43.5%) as underactive regular, and 16 (14.8%) as active participants for RAPA1. For RAPA2, 34 (31.5%) participants reported a lack of participation in strength or flexibility activities (Table/Fig 4).

Reliability: Test-retest reliability was very good for Gujarati RAPA1 as indicated by the weighted k-value of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.75-0.91). A good reliability was also noted for Gujarati RAPA2 with a weighted k-value 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64-0.82).

Discussion

The present study aimed at cross-cultural adaptation and translation of RAPA into the Gujarati language and to test its psychometric properties among older adults aged over 50 years. The results indicated that the Gujarati RAPA is a culturally relevant, easy, valid, and reliable tool for assessing physical activity and also for research purposes.

The original English version of RAPA was developed by the University of Washington Health Promotion Research Center (UW HPRC) in the year 2006 (6). The original study by Topolski TD et al., concluded that RAPA was positively correlated with other physical activity assessment instruments. The result showed that the original English RAPA had better sensitivity (81%), negative predictive value (75%), and positive predictive value (77%) (6).

In the present study, more than 15% samples were reported as sedentary and approximately 14% samples were reported as active. So, it can be concluded that only 14% of the study samples fulfilled the 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week recommended by WHO (10). In the present study, only face and content validity was performed but various translation of RAPA (into Portugese, Turkish, Arabic and Mexican Spanish) had also shown good validity when compared to other subjective outcome measures of physical activity (3),(5),(6),(10),(11) (Table/Fig 5).

The weighted k-value for test-retest reliability of Gujarati RAPA was >0.7. Current study showed that proper cross-cultural adaptation could lead to good test-retest reliability. Mexican Spanish version had used ICC (Intra Class Coefficient) (11) which is not a suitable statistic for this type of data (3). The weighted k-value is the proper suggested statistic for categorical variables. The original study did not evaluated the test-retest reliability of RAPA, though it is an important measure (6). But other language versions have tested test-retest reliability. Weighted k-value of Portuguese RAPA (0.67, 95% CI: 0.52-0.81) (10), Turkish RAPA (0.81) (5), and Arabic RAPA (0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.98) (3) were reported in their respective studies (Table/Fig 5) (3),(5),(6),(10),(11).

Proper validated instruments are required for assessment and monitoring purpose of physical and thus, the Gujarati RAPA was able to assess the physical activity in the sample population. The different items were developed and translated into Gujarati and pictures were added for ease of understanding by older people.

Limitation(s)

A single geographic area was chosen and hence, the generalisability of the results may be affected. The mode of administration of the RAPA to the participants (self-administered or interview administered) was not taken into consideration during data collection.

Conclusion

This study established the Gujarati RAPA as a simple, valid, acceptable, and reliable tool for measuring the physical activity of Gujarati older individuals over the age of 50 years. Researchers of Gujarat can use this assessment method for research because it requires less time and is suitably adapted for Gujarati culture. Other validity and reliability of Gujarati RAPA can be done on a larger sample size of older adults. For better results, validity can be compared to some objective measures of energy expenditure such as acceleration sensors or the doubly labelled water method. In the future, research can be done on whether Gujarati RAPA is sensitive to changes related to intervention studies aimed at improving physical activity or not.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the original developers of the English version of the questionnaire and acknowledge specially to Ms. Tari D. Topolski for giving permission to translate and for final approval of Gujarati RAPA. Authors are also thankful to all the translators and experts for help in the translation and validation procedures.

References

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Chawla G. Healthy aging research in India. J Exp Res Hum Growth Aging. 2019;2(1):000105.
2.
Andrieieva O, Hakman A, Kashuba V, Vasylenko M, Patsaliuk K, Koshura A, et al. Effects of physical activity on aging processes in elderly persons. J Phys Educ Sport. 2019;19(4):1308-14.
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Alqahtani BA, Alenazi AM. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the rapid assessment of physical activity. Oman Med J. 2020:35(5):e170. [crossref] [PubMed]
4.
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DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/58115.16761

Date of Submission: Jun 08, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Jun 24, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Jul 20, 2022
Date of Publishing: Aug 01, 2022

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jun 15, 2022
• Manual Googling: Jun 25, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Jul 27, 2022 (9%)

ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin

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