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"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



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Professor and Head
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Lucknow
On Sep 2018




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On Aug 2018




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Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
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Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Case report
Year : 2023 | Month : January | Volume : 17 | Issue : 1 | Page : ZD01 - ZD04 Full Version

Customised 3D Printed guides for Mandibular Fracture Management- A Report of Two Cases


Published: January 1, 2023 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2023/58483.17196
Chitra Chakravarthy, Ravi S Patil, V Chethan Babu, Shivraj Wagdargi, Daisy Arahna

1. Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. 2. Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. 3. Postgraduate, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. 4. Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. 5. Postgraduate, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Chitra Chakravarthy,
Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Navodayanagar, Mantralayam Road,
Raichur-584103, Karnataka, India.
E-mail: chitrachakravarthy@yahoo.com

Abstract

In treating mandibular fractures, accurate anatomical reduction and reconstruction remains quite challenging and arduous for the oral maxillofacial surgeon using traditional devices and methods. Therefore, advanced techniques have become essential to simplify and achieve safe and desirable anatomical reduction with lesser operative time. Introduction of 3 Dimensional (3D) printed guides helps to achieve bony consolidation in the correct anatomic position to facilitate standard mouth opening and restore the pretrauma occlusion. In the following case reports (7-year-old male, 35-year-old male), the preoperative surgical planning began with the construction of 3D imaging in both the cases after radiographic examination. For virtual reconstruction, the images from the multiplanar Computed Tomography (CT) scan were converted into Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. The present reports have proposed using an inexpensive customised 3D printed cast metal surgical guide in the treatment of two cases of mandibular fracture. A customised 3D printed surgical guide and an occlusal stent were designed and fabricated to assist in placing screws and plates for approximation of fractured segments and to guide the occlusion during surgery. They also highlight the efficacy and functionality of a customised 3D printed cast metal surgical guide in increasing the reduction accuracy, reducing surgical difficulties, and improving clinical outcomes with a lesser operative time in treating mandibular fractures.

Keywords

Additive manufacturing, Cast metal guide, Mandibular trauma, Occlusal splint, Virtual surgery

Case Report

Case 1

A 27-year-old male patient with extraoral diffuse swelling on the lower third of the face and difficulty in mouth opening and pain in lower front tooth region with a history of fall from bike two days ago reported to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS). Clinical and radiological examination revealed displaced left parasymphysis and undisplaced right mandibular ramus fracture. In addition, intraoral anterior open bite and right posterior crossbite were observed, along with step deformity palpable between lower left lateral incisor and canine (Table/Fig 1). Therefore, the elected treatment choices were an open reduction with internal fixation using lag screws for parasymphysis and closed reduction for ramus fracture.

Preoperative surgical planning began with the construction of 3D imaging after the radiographic examination. For virtual reconstruction, the images from patients multiplanar CT scan (Ingenuity core 128- Phillips multislice CT) with a slice thickness of 1 mm were taken (Table/Fig 2) and imported as data files in the DICOM format. A virtual 3D volumetric reconstruction by segmentation of fracture fragments was done in 3D Slicer 4.11.0 and converted to Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file format (Table/Fig 3). Often during the reduction of a fractured mandible, since the clinical visualisation is only from buccal aspect, an accurate anatomical reduction of the lingual and inferior cortex is not achieved leaving a postoperative occlusal discrepancy. With the use of virtual surgical planning and 3D printing technology, researchers have found a definitive advantage in visualising the mandible in all dimensions. After virtual reduction, transferring the portion of reduced mandible to the operating table was possible with the fabrication of guide. The accurate occlusal intercuspation was ensured using a customised 3D printed splint. To make this technology affordable for outpatients, they have used a hybrid technique where the virtual design was 3D printed using castable wax and then fabricated using Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) alloy in a furnace using the “lost wax” technique. No specific post processing was required. These guides were rigid and could be autoclaved. After the virtual surgical planning, the occlusion was also accessed virtually. Using a Boolean operation, the maxillary and mandibular teeth position were replicated in the occlusal splint (Table/Fig 4). This was then fabricated using a Surgical Guide (SG) (power resin) resin in a form 2 Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer.

An intraoral vestibular incision was placed and passed submucosally in layers. Mentalis muscle was incised and bilateral tunnelling of submucosa was done up to premolar region to expose of fracture fragments after reflection of the periosteum. The customised cast metal surgical guide with thickness of 3 mm was placed to engage the mandible along the inferior-lingual border. This guide was stabilised using 2 mm screws in slots provided on the guide which enabled a perfect reduction of the mandible and adaptation of the guide along the labial, inferior and lingual surface of the mandible giving it a snug fit (Table/Fig 5). The 3D printed occlusal splint was then placed to establish the occlusion (Table/Fig 6). After confirming satisfactory reduction into anatomical position, two 2×20 mm lag screws (SK Surgical) were fixed perpendicular to the fracture line keeping the guide and occlusal splint in place. After fixation, the guide and occlusal split were removed and occlusion reconfirmed. The wound was closed in layers using 3.0 vicryl (Ethicon) after copious irrigation. Postoperative CT scan was taken which showed a perfect continuity of lower border (Table/Fig 7).

The postoperative recovery was uneventful, with no major complications (Table/Fig 8). The wound healing was satisfactory and maximum occlusal intercuspation was achieved. CT scan taken three months postoperatively showed a perfect anatomical reduction of inferior and lingual cortex similar to what was achieved in preoperative virtual planning.

Case 2

A 35-year-old male patient, with a history of road traffic accident three days back presented with swelling in lower left side of the face and difficulty in chewing. Clinical and radiological examination showed displaced and comminuted fracture of the left parasymphysis and an undisplaced incomplete fracture of the right ramus (Table/Fig 9). Virtual surgical planning was done and STL reconstruction showing displaced mandibular fracture accordingly (Table/Fig 10) and fracture reduction surgical guide was contrived to bring the inferior border and lingual cortex into anatomical approximation. The guide, in this case, was fabricated in a manner that it could be attached superiorly to arch bar and inferiorly hooked around the inferior border of the mandible to bring lingual cortex into approximation. The visible buccal cortex was also reduced, 2 Titanium 2.0 mm four holed mini plates with gap (SK Surgical) were fixed superiorly and 1 Titanium 2.0 mm three holed with gap miniplate was placed near the lower border of mandible (Table/Fig 11) to maintain precision and accuracy of the reduced segment. Good postoperative occlusal contact was achieved (Table/Fig 12).

The postoperative recovery was uneventful, with no major complications. Patients were followed-up three months later, and postoperative CT scan was taken (Table/Fig 13).

Discussion

Mandible is a unique and only movable bone of facial skeleton, having complex role in aesthetics of the face and functional occlusion. Regardless of being the largest and strongest facial bone, mandibular fractures constitute 36-59% of all maxillofacial fractures serving as the most commonly diagnosed fractures in the maxillofacial region after nasal bone fractures (1),(2),(3). Due to its prominent position in the craniofacial region with multiple muscle attachments, mandible fracture can occur at one or multiple locations depending on the direction and magnitude of the traumatic force (4),(5).

Accurate restoration of mandibular fracture involving multiple sites with complex morphology, muscular attachments, or loss of occlusal relationships sometimes can be challenging even for an experienced surgeon (6). It is now possible to treat such arduous cases with assistance of significant advances in technology, giving more reliable and predictable therapeutic outcomes. Among different new technological advances that have been developed in the last few years, 3D printing has gained tremendous popularity in field of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. With this novel technology, various surgical guides and templates can be easily fabricated that serve diverse applications like harvesting bone grafts, plate bending, tailoring bioprosthetic implants, osteotomies guides, intraoperative occlusal splints, etc., giving favourable results (7). Furthermore, compared to the traditional approach, it offers the advantage of providing greater accuracy with reduced operative time (8),(9).

In different case studies, 3D surgery was used to obtain a direct and clear view about the morphology of fractured sites by virtually manipulating bone fragments at any angle giving adequacy of the required reduction process, and 3D printed customised cast metal guides to transfer this precise reduction intraoperatively. This digital software and preoperative CT scans can also assess the cortical bone thickness, bone density, and fracture location (10). This virtual preoperative surgical planning enabled the operator to have a 3D visualisation of the fracture segments and their spatial relationships to surrounding structures, thus leading to the best possible restoration of the fractured segments. In addition, accurate proximity of the fracture segments as planned in mock surgery was achieved during the treatment procedure using 3D printed surgical guides. It also helped shorten the intraoperative time by 30 minutes for each case, reducing the patient’s exposure to general anesthesia by one hour for both the cases. According to Hanason M and Skoracki B, 3D printing could reduce surgery duration up to 1.4 hours compared to conventional methods (11). Postoperatively, it also yielded acceptable esthetic and functional treatment outcomes gaining maximum patient satisfaction.

Three-dimensional printing techniques often included additional costs and a more prolonged preparation phase with elaborate infrastructure requirements. To allay the above concerns, in the present case scenario, researchers have proposed using Co-Cr cast metal alloy to fabricate digital surgical guide plates as an alternative to other costly metal guides such as Titanium Vitallium, making it a more affordable and cost-effective approach for the patients. An approximate cost of INR 10000 has been spent each for surgical planning and fabrication of both customisable 3D printed guides and models. An inexpensive, hybrid manufacturing technique using SLA was adopted to fabricate cast metal surgical guides that combined 3D printing and investment casting technologies with a shorter duration (6). This method enabled 3D printing of casting wax pattern, providing a smooth surface and perfect adaptation to the 3D printed anatomical model requiring no further adjustments. These guides facilitated a precise reduction of the inferior and lingual cortex with relative ease and no requirement of an additional hand to support the reduced mandible during fixation.

Limitation(s)

However, certain limitations were observed in this present study using 3D printed customised guides plates. Firstly, the fabrication of these guide plates was technique sensitive and required a proficient software engineer to carefully and accurately merge the relevant fracture fragments before printing them, which was time consuming. Any lapse or inaccuracy during this virtual 3D reconstruction in simulating the required anatomy could cause errors in treatment planning, jeopardising treatment outcomes. Secondly, the implantation of these 3D customised surgical guide plates required a long incision and more reflection of the soft tissues. On an average the time taken for these surgeries was around one hour. Hence, there is a need to modify the design of these guide plates to avoid expanding incisions and excessive reflection of the soft tissue during the placement of the guide plates.

Conclusion

The present case report highlights how virtual surgical planning empowers the surgeon to visualise the reduction process preoperatively and guide the similar intraoperatively, making it less time consuming and more accurate. In addition to this, using a 3D custom fabricated cast metal guide enabled the operator to optimise lag screws position in different mandibular fracture sites, minimising injury to dentoalveolar and other anatomical structures leading to better therapeutic outcomes and providing a cost effective approach with a more favourable patient response. Currently, this 3D printing technology is trending and growing popular in different fields of OMFS for its ability to yield customised guides and devices with higher precision and fit consequently, providing a better healthcare service in the 21st century.

References

1.
Adebayo ET, Ajike OS, Adekeye EO. Analysis of the pattern of maxillofacial fractures in Kaduna, Nigeria. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surgery. 2003;41(6):396-400. [crossref] [PubMed]
2.
Deogratius BK, Isaac M, Farrid S. Epidemiology and management of maxillofacial fractures treated at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Int Dent J. 2006;56(3):131-34. [crossref] [PubMed]
3.
Sojot AJ, Meisami T, Sandor GK, Clokie C. The epidemiology of mandibular fractures treated at the Toronto general hospital: A review of 246 cases. J Can Dent Assoc. 2001;67(11):640-44.
4.
Bohner L, Beiglböck F, Schwipper S, Lustosa R, Pieirna M, Jung S. Treatment of mandible fractures using a miniplate system: A retrospective analysis. J Clinician Medical. 2020;9(9):2922. [crossref] [PubMed]
5.
Gutta R, Tracy K, Johnson C, James LE, Krishman DG, Marciani R. Outcomes of mandible fracture treatment at an academic tertiary hospital: A 5-year analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(0):550-58. [crossref] [PubMed]
6.
Chakravarthy C, Aranha D, Malyala SK. Cast metal surgical guides: An affordable adjunct to oral and maxillofacial surgery. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction Open. 2020;5(3):01-05. [crossref]
7.
Keyhan SO, Ghanean S, Navabazam A, Khojasteh A, Iranaq M. Three-dimensional Printing: A novel technology for use in oral and maxillofacial operation. A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2016;3(0):419-523. [crossref]
8.
Kraeima J, Glas J, Witjes MJH, Schepman KP. Patient-specific precontouring of osteosynthesis plates for mandibular reconstruction using a three-dimensional key printed solution. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018;46 (6):1037-40. [crossref] [PubMed]
9.
Li P, Tang W, Liao C, Tan P, Zhang J, Tian W. Clinical evaluation of computer- assisted surgical technique in the treatment of comminuted mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol. 2015;27(3):332-36. [crossref]
10.
Muhammad JK. Computer assisted guided placement of IMF screws in craniomaxillofacial trauma: An evolving technique. FACE. 2021;2(2):170-73. [crossref]
11.
Hanason M, Skoracki B. Improving the speed and accuracy of mandibular reconstruction using preoperative virtual planning and rapid prototype modeling. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2010;125(6):80. [crossref]

DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/58483.17196

Date of Submission: Jun 17, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Aug 16, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Sep 19, 2022
Date of Publishing: Jan 01, 2023

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. Yes

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jun 30, 2022
• Manual Googling: Sep 12, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Sep 15, 2022 (5%)

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JCDR is now Monthly and more widely Indexed .
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
  • Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
  • Academic Search Complete Database
  • Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
  • Embase
  • EBSCOhost
  • Google Scholar
  • HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
  • Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
  • Journal seek Database
  • Google
  • Popline (reproductive health literature)
  • www.omnimedicalsearch.com