Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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On Sep 2018




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Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar
Head, Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad
Chairman, Research Group, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad
National Joint Coordinator - Advanced IAP NNF NRP Program
Ex-Member, Governing Body, National Neonatology Forum, New Delhi
Ex-President - National Neonatology Forum Gujarat State Chapter
Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat.
On Sep 2018




Dr. Kalyani R

"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



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Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College
Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka
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Dr. Saumya Navit

"As a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research provides an opportunity to researchers, scientists and budding professionals to explore the developments in the field of medicine and dentistry and their varied specialities, thus extending our view on biological diversities of living species in relation to medicine.
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Dr Saumya Navit
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Saraswati Dental College
Lucknow
On Sep 2018




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"My sincere attachment with JCDR as an author as well as reviewer is a learning experience . Their systematic approach in publication of article in various categories is really praiseworthy.
Their prompt and timely response to review's query and the manner in which they have set the reviewing process helps in extracting the best possible scientific writings for publication.
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Dr. Arunava Biswas
MD, DM (Clinical Pharmacology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital , Kolkata




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Best regards,
C.S. Ramesh Babu,
Associate Professor of Anatomy,
Muzaffarnagar Medical College,
Muzaffarnagar.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Arundhathi. S
"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
The journal has a monthly publication and the articles are published quite fast. In time compared to other journals. The on-line first publication is also a great advantage and facility to review one's own articles before going to print. The response to any query and permission if required, is quite fast; this is quite commendable. I have a very good experience about seeking quick permission for quoting a photograph (Fig.) from a JCDR article for my chapter authored in an E book. I never thought it would be so easy. No hassles.
Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2023 | Month : February | Volume : 17 | Issue : 2 | Page : LC14 - LC17 Full Version

Correlation of Sleep Quality with Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure among the Healthcare Students in Karnataka: A Cross-sectional Study


Published: February 1, 2023 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2023/58782.17443
Nisha, Mahadev Prasad, US Pavithra, Dona Babu, Benazeera, S Padma Priya

1. Undergraduate Student, Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. 2. Undergraduate Student, Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. 3. Undergraduate Student, Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. 4. Undergraduate Student, Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. 5. Assistant Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing, Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. 6. Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

Correspondence Address :
Benazeera,
Assistant Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing, Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
E-mail: benzi407@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: A quality night sleep is essential for physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being. The amount of sleep may have an effect on both weight and metabolism. In India, for the last few years, decline in sleep duration has been noted with an average sleep duration of seven hours per night and one-third sleeping less than seven hours per night. Televisions and smartphones which came into households as remarkable source of information and entertainment has caused the voluntary sleep restriction.

Aim: To evaluate the sleep quality, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood Pressure (BP) of the healthcare students and also to find the correlation of sleep quality with BMI and BP.

Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 healthy males and females healthcare students residing in hostel premises of Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, India from November to December 2021. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires administered to assess the sleep quality by adding the seven components of PSQI score ranging from 0-21. A weighing scale, sphygmomanometer, and stadiometer instruments were used to record the weight, BP and height. Data were computed in International Business Management (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 to analyse descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: The mean age in present study was 23±0.72 years and 71 (51.4%) belonged to 22-23 years, majority 112 (81.2%) were female students. In present study, moderately obese students (33.15±0.72) and severely obese (35.39±0.10) had mean sleep score of 6.00±3.46 and 11, respectively indicating poor sleep quality. The underweight (16.91±1.17), normal weight (21.49±2.04) and overweight (26.49±1.48) had mean sleep score of 3.08±1.62, 3.08±1.12 and 4.66±3.05 respectively, which indicated good sleep quality. Students with hypotension, normal BP and hypertension stage-1 showed mean sleep score of 3.52, 2.71 and 4.77 respectively, showing good sleep quality. A statistically significant positive correlation of BMI was found with SBP (r-value 0.273, p-value 0.001) and DBP (r-value 0.181, p-value 0.033).

Conclusion: The BMI and BP were positively correlated with sleep quality. Therefore, creating awareness among healthcare students on healthy lifestyles such as exercise, healthy sleep and regular health supervision is essential to prevent prehypertension and maintain normal BMI status.

Keywords

Healthy lifestyle, Height, Hypertension, Weight

Sleep deprivation causes issues with memory, attention, mood regulations (1), thought, motor responses to stimuli (2), and performance at work or college (3). During college time, students experience freedom from parental supervision for the first time, also there is a burden of greater academic and erratic schedules (4),(5). Many factors such as unbalanced diet, detrimental habits as alcohol intake, smoking, and lack of sleep, prolonged mobile use can harm the students’ well-being (6),(7),(8).

Using cell phones at night is common among children and adults as reported by them (9),(10). It has become a serious barrier to health development (11),(12). Sleep is a critical modulator of neuroendocrine function and glucose metabolism in children and in adults (13),(14). Short sleep alters metabolic as well as endocrine function which leads to reduced glucose level, decreased insulin sensitivity (15),(16), increase in night time concentrations of cortisol (17),(18) and decreased leptin levels. Cortisol is widely known as the “stress hormone.” However, it has many important effects and functions throughout the body, aside from regulating the body’s stress response. The exact way in which cortisol regulates BP in humans is unclear. However, elevated levels of cortisol can cause high BP, and lower-than-normal levels of cortisol can cause low BP. All of this results in more hunger and appetite (19). So, short sleep duration is causing increased BMI and increased BP (20).

Sleep patterns among adolescents have been changing over recent decades, accompanying the social constraints, the increase of interaction with peers, school requirements and extracurricular activities. High BP during childhood acts as an indicator for the prevalence of coronary artery disease during adulthood (21). In adults both hypertension and coronary artery disease have been associated with short sleep duration. According to World Health Organisation (WHO), hypertension is one of the main causes of premature death worldwide (22). According to worldwide data, in India 20.6% of men and 20.9% of women are suffering from hypertension in 2005 and at these rates for hypertension is expected to go upto 22.9% for men and 23.6% women, respectively by 2025 (23),(24).

So, in view of significantly increasing BMI and prevalence of hypertension in relation to short sleep duration among medical college student, this study was planned. Additionally, epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown that excessive sleep is statistically associated to both morbidity and mortality (25),(26) and no studies on the relationships between sleep quality, BMI, and BP were carried out in Karnataka.

Chronic partial sleep deprivation causes feelings of fatigue which may lead to reduced physical activity. Sleep deprivation may also have neuro-hormonal effects that increase caloric intake (27). In addition to maintaining normal brain functioning, sleep has an important role in controlling the functions of many other body systems, and this becomes very evident in a state of sleep deprivation (28). Therefore, sleep is a critical modulator of neuroendocrine and glucose metabolism function. Hence, present study was conducted to evaluate the sleep quality, BMI and BP of the healthcare students and also to find the correlation of sleep quality with BMI and BP.

Material and Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Karnataka, India, from November to December 2021. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethics Committee-2, Yenepoya (Protocol No: YEC2/795). The principles of the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines adopted to conduct the study. Informed consent from the participants was obtained.

Inclusion criteria: Healthy male and female undergraduate students of physiotherapy, pharmacy, nursing residing in hostel premises between age group of 18-25 years were included.

Exclusion criteria: Healthcare students with a history of long term intake of medication for any acute or chronic illness causes, history of hypertension, those who have taken tea or coffee or heavy breakfast, exercised within 30 minutes of BP monitoring were excluded from the study.

Sample size calculation: The sample size was calculated using a single population proportion with 95 percent power and a level of significance of 5%, as recommended by Bisht RS et al., (29). G* power was used in the calculation and sample size was calculated of 138.

Study Procedure

The demographic characteristics of the participants included age, gender, hours of sleep, family history of hypertension, co-morbidity, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and medication history. The sleep quality of the participants was measured by using PSQI (30),(31). It consists of seven components:

• Subjective sleep quality,
• Sleep latency,
• Sleep duration,
• Habitual sleep efficiency,
• Sleep disturbances,
• Use of sleeping medications,
• Daytime dysfunction over the last month.

Each item is weighted on a 0-3 interval scale. The global PSQI score is then determined by adding the results from each of the seven components, yielding a total score ranging from 0-21, with score <5 indicating better sleep quality and a total score of “5” or more indicating poor sleep quality.

The weighing scale, sphygmomanometer, and stadiometer instruments were used to assess the participants’ weight, BP, and height. The weight of the participants was taken while wearing only the most basic attire, such as bare feet and light clothing. A stadiometer was used to measure height with the person barefoot, the heels, hip, shoulder and the head in a neutral position. BMI was calculated by dividing weight in kg by body height in metres squared (kg/m2). BMI of students were classified according to body type classification for health ministry and diabetes foundation of India in 2015 which consists of normal weight (18.5-≤24.9), overweight (25-≤29.9), moderately obese (30-≤34.9), severely obese (35-≤39.9) very severely obese (>40 kg/m2) (32).

Participants were informed to sit for atleast five minutes in a quiet room while measurements were taken, preferably in a sitting position. The researchers classified the participants’ BP as normal (SBP 120 mmHg, DBP 80 mmHg), elevated (SBP 120-129 mmHg, DBP 80 mmHg), hypertension stage 1 (SBP 130-139 mmHg, DBP 80-89 mmHg), hypertension stage 2 (SBP 140 mmHg or higher, DBP 90 mmHg or higher), and hypertension crisis (SBP >180 mmHg, DBP >120 mmHg) according to the recommendation of the American Heart Association (33).

Statistical Analysis

Data were computed in IBM SPSS software version 23.0. Descriptive statistics of sleep quality and BMI were analysed in terms of frequency and percentage. Systolic BP (SBP) and Diastolic BP (DBP) of the male and female were summarised by mean and standard deviation. Karl Pearson’s Correlation coefficient was used to identify correlation between sleep qualities, BMI and BP. Chi-square test was used to study the association of sleep quality with demographic characteristics of the participants.

Results

In present study, the mean age of the 138 participants was 23±0.72 years and 112 (81.2%) were female students. The 32 (23.2%), 56 (40.6%), 46 (33.3%), and 4 (2.9%) had 5-6 hours, 7-8 hours, 9-10 hours, and 11-13 hours of sleep, respectively. None of them had history of hypertension, or smoking history. A total of 104 (75.4%) did not report any history of hypertension in the family and 136 (98.6%) did not have any chronic illness. Two (1.4%) reported that they had been suffering with asthma since childhood. A total of 96 (69.6%) had no interest in daily exercise and 133 (96.4%) did not have any medication history, while 2 (1.4%) were taking medication for asthma, and 3 (2.2%) were taking antianxiety medication. A significant association found between sleep quality score with hours of sleep as the calculated value was <0.05 level of significance (Table/Fig 1).

The moderately obese students (33.15±0.72) and severely obese (35.39±0.10) had mean sleep score of 6.00±3.46 and 11, respectively indicating poor sleep quality. The underweight (16.91±1.17), normal weight (21.49±2.04) and overweight (26.49±1.48) had mean sleep score of 3.08±1.62, 3.08±1.12 and 4.66±3.05, respectively, which indicated good sleep quality. The association between BMI and sleep score was not statistically significant (Table/Fig 2).

The mean sleep score of hypotension, normal BP and hypertension stage-1 indicated good sleep quality. There was no significant association found between BP and mean sleep scores. None of the participants had hypertension stage-II or hypertension crisis (Table/Fig 3).

A positive correlation of sleep quality was found with SBP and DBP, BMI but was not statistically significant. A statistically significant positive correlation of BMI was found with SBP (r-value 0.273, p-value 0.001) and DBP (r-value 0.181, p-value 0.033) (Table/Fig 4).

Discussion

A total of 138 samples were examined for anthropometric measurements like weight and height, as well as participants’ early-morning BP readings. Moderately obese students and severely obese had mean sleep score of 6 and 11 respectively indicating poor sleep quality. The underweight, normal weight and overweight had mean sleep score of 3.08±1.62, 3.08±1.12 and 4.66±3.05 respectively, which indicated good sleep quality. Students with hypotension and hypertension stage-1 had mean sleep score of 3.52 and 4.77 respectively, showing good sleep quality. In contrast to normal BP and stage 1 hypertension, the mean sleep score of hypotension showed good sleep quality.

A recent study done on healthcare students in the context of BMI, BP and sleep, indicated shorter sleep duration was highly significantly associated with higher BMI and with higher SBP. Sleep duration was also significantly associated with DBP in both male and female student participants (29). A longitudinal study revealed that longer sleep duration and increased BP were found in females, but no significant association was found for males, and sleep durations shorter than 8 hours were found to be associated with increased hypertension (8),(14).

In the last two decades, high BMI has become one of the biggest public health problems worldwide. BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 in the general population has been well-documented as a risk factor for cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal diseases (34). In the present study, 80.4 percent had good sleep quality, and 19.6 percent had poor sleep quality. There are supportive studies where, 81.5, 73.2, 64.84, and 52.4 percent of participants had good sleep quality (35),(36),(37),(38),(39). In contrast to the present study, 65.9 percent had poor sleep quality and 35.1 percent had good sleep quality.

A variety of advantageous outcomes, like improved health, reduced daytime sleepiness, enhanced well-being, and better psychological functioning, are related to high-quality sleep. One of the distinguishing characteristics of persistent insomnia is poor sleep quality (40). Despite the fact that the concept of sleep quality is widely used, a review of the empirical literature suggests that it is not yet fully understood. In the present study, a statistically significant association was found between hours of sleep and the sleep quality scores of the participants. It could be due to the usage of smartphones at night being higher among medical students as they are busy during the morning on clinical duty and they spend more on the completion of academic requirements at night (40).

No other demographic was associated because the majority of participants were from one hostel premises. A study has shown that there is a significant association between the duration of sleep and BMI and BP (41),(42). Our measure of sleep assessment is based on self-reported sleep quality as per the PSQI. However, many studies conducted previously to assess sleep quality used the same tool, which has shown better sleep quality measurement worldwide.

Limitation(s)

The present study was conducted only in hostel premises, and the majority of the female healthcare students were included to assess the sleep quality. Studies need to be conducted across the institutions to generalise the results to the target population.

Conclusion

Present study found overweight, moderate obesity and severe obesity had shown poor sleep quality. Good sleep quality found with normal BMI and underweight and hypotension, normal blood pressure and hypertension stage-1. A positive correlation of sleep quality was found with SBP and DBP, BMI but was not statistically significant. Subsequent follow-up of sleep quality, weight gain and blood pressure measurement over time would be ideal for combating promotion of healthy sleep among the healthcare students.

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to the participant for being a part of the study and showing interest. The authors are grateful to the hostel authority for providing permission to carry out the present study.

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DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/58782.17443

Date of Submission: Jun 30, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Jul 26, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Oct 14, 2022
Date of Publishing: Feb 01, 2023

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jul 01, 2022
• Manual Googling: Oct 07, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Oct 12, 2022 (22%)

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