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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Community-based Photogrammetric Assessment of Nasal Angles among Adults in the Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand, India
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Niyati Airan,
Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India.
E-mail: niyatiairan@gmail.com
Introduction: The nose has long been known to hold an important place in the medical sphere, owing to its important functions in olfaction and respiration. Its normal morphology and morphometry are also crucial for determining facial aesthetics. Different types of nasal deformities are also seen to be associated with various congenital anomalies. Anthropometry of the nose varies with age, gender and ethnicity.
Aim: To explore region-, ethnic-, and gender-specific nasal angulations of the adult population of Garhwal, Himalayas, Uttarakhand, India.
Materials and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India, from July 2024 to June 2025. Multistage sampling was applied to measure 141 males and 105 females residing in the Garhwal Himalayas, using the photogrammetric method. Nasofrontal, nasofacial, nasolabial, nasal-tip and inter-alar angles were measured employing the Magnus Analytics MagVision application. Descriptive (Mean and Standard deviation) and inferential (Independent t-test and Welch’s t-test) statistics were done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, with p<0.05 as significant.
Results: Means of nasofrontal angle was 123.79°±13.28° in males and 133.59°±6.72° in females, nasofacial angle was 33.94°±4.74° in males and 32.08°±3.47° in females, nasolabial angle was 93.49°±13.61° in males and 96.07°±12.20° in females, nasal-tip angle was 82.03°±5.05° in males and 82.69°±6.09° in females, inter-alar angle was 77.73°±10.58° in males and 79.14°±10.16° in females. Nasofrontal angle was found to be significantly higher in females, whereas nasofacial angle was higher in males. All angles also showed significant differences with those found by other authors in various ethnicities.
Conclusion: Normal values of nasal angular parameters of the Garhwal Himalayan population have been established in this study. This will prove its worth during plastic surgeries of the face, diagnosing genetic diseases, manufacturing facial accessories and criminal investigation procedures.
Anthropometry, Face, Genetics, Nose, Plastic surgery, Reconstruction
The world has seen an uproar in the development of digital life over the past few decades with the evolution of social media and artificial intelligence platforms, leading to an increased emphasis on a flawless digital footprint (1). This development led to an increased consciousness of one’s bodily appearance (2). In this context, facial appearance becomes the main priority (3). Beauty has often been assessed for many centuries by overall facial harmony. This includes shape, size, proportion, orientation, location and symmetry of its various parts such as nose, lips and chin (4),(5). The nose holds the central point in affecting the aesthetics (6) of an individual and occupies one-third of the total facial length (7). Besides its linear dimensions, the angulation of the nose with respect to the forehead, upper lip, and facial plane plays a significant role in making the face appealing. The dimensions of the nose change with age, gender, race, ethnicity, terrain, environmental conditions and constitutional makeup of an individual (8),(9),(10),(11),(12),(13).
Adenoids, a common condition seen in childhood, often present with a high-arched palate, malocclusion of teeth in the upper jaw and narrowing of the nasal cavity. This deformity may persist in later life, compromising the looks of an individual and patency of the airway (14). Corrective surgery will thus help in the betterment of appearance and restoration of the airway (15). Infections like Syphilis, septal abscess and submucosal resection of the nose lead to changes in the nasal morphology (16). Nasal deformities can also result from certain congenital anomalies and genetic syndromes like Trisomy 13, 18 and 21 (11),(13). This warrants an early diagnosis with timely and appropriate intervention. So, it becomes a necessity to document an anthropometric database of nasal dimensions specific for age, gender and region (17),(18).
Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, located in the Shivalik range of the Himalayas, is highly unstable and experiences frequent landslides and other calamities (19). This may lead to trauma involving the head and neck region. The nose, being a prominent part of the face and structurally osseocartilaginous, is especially vulnerable to frequent injuries, requiring reconstruction of the face for restoration of normal appearance. Very few studies have been found for nasal parameters in the literature search for this region (5). So, an attempt was made to gather insights for the anthropometry of nasal angles of the adult population of the Garhwal region to evaluate for sexual dimorphism and regional variations. This will aid reconstructive surgeons during pre-operative planning of cosmetic surgeries involving the nose (8),(9),(10),(18). Geneticists will also find use of this data to exclude different congenital syndromes (17). Moreover, this data will be beneficial for biomedical engineers to design ergonomically suited facial accessories and prostheses. This will also find potential future application in personal identification from fragmentary/mutilated bodily remains, for individual profiling during crime scenes (8),(20), and also in training software running on artificial intelligence (21). Anthropologists will also find use of it for understanding differences between various races (8).
A community-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India, over a period of one year (July 2024 to June 2025). The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (vide their letter no.- MC/IEC/2024/41 dated 01/07/2024). Informed, written, and witnessed consent was taken from every individual before being sampled.
Inclusion criteria: A total of 246 healthy individuals of both gender of age group 18 to 40 years were studied using the photogrammetry method (22),(23) and were included.
Exclusion criteria: Individuals with congenital anomalies or acquired conditions, such as suffering from allergic conditions of the nose or having growth disorders, sustained injury or having undergone surgery in the head and neck region, were excluded from the study (9),(11),(24),(25),(26). Those with more than one piercing (27),(28) were also excluded.
Sample size calculation: Sample size was calculated using the formula:
n= (Z2×σ2)/d2, where
n: sample size,
Z: Z-score (1.96) for 95% confidence level,
σ: Standard deviation of nasolabial angle, taken from a previous study (Males: 9.60, Females: 9.33) (29) and
d: margin of error assumed to be 2.
This amounted to a sample size of 171. The sample was divided into 15 blocks of Garhwal, taking representation from two genders aged 18-40 years (Table/Fig 1). A complete list of the individuals of the region was procured from the district statistics office. Then a sample was drawn using a computer-generated random number table employing the above-stated multistage sampling technique (30).
Study Procedure
The participants were made to stand in anatomical position on a level ground with head positioned in Frankfort’s horizontal plane and facial muscles relaxed (12). Individuals were then photographed under daylight with a similar background using a Samsung Galaxy M34 5G device with a 50-megapixel camera placed at a constant distance of 167cm calibrated according to the standardised and applicable calibration techniques (6),(31),(32).
Nasofrontal angle (31),(32): between the lines drawn from glabella (1) to nasion (2) and to the pro-nasale (3); Nasofacial angle: (9),(17) between the lines drawn from the pro-nasale (3) to nasion (2) and to the gnathion (4); Nasolabial angle (29),(33): between the lines drawn from the pro-nasale (3) to sub-nasale (5) and along the philtrum (6); Nasal-tip angle (34),(35): between the lines drawn from nasion (2) to pro-nasale (3) and to sub-nasale (5); Inter-alar angle (36),(37),(38): between the two tangents drawn from the widest point of two alae directed medially and intersecting each other (7,8) as depicted in (Table/Fig 2). This study is reported in accordance with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for cross-sectional studies.
All photographs were taken by the same investigator. Magnus Analytics MagVision software was used to measure the angles digitally. Intra-observer reliability was checked by taking measurements thrice by the same observer and was found to be excellent with an Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) value of 0.97 (95% CI of 0.97-0.98). Inter-observer reliability was demonstrated to be good with an ICC value of 0.78 (95% CI of 0.72-0.82), when measurements were made by two observers.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics viz., mean, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval, were calculated for all the parameters. Independent t-test was used to compare the angles between the two genders, and two-sample t-test (Welch’s t-test) was used with different populations studied by other authors. The p-value <0.05 was taken as significant, and effect size was calculated to determine the strength of significance.
A total of 246 individuals (141 males and 105 females) were included. Mean age for males was found to be 30±7.16 years and for females to be 28±7.38 years. Angular nasal dimensions of both genders are illustrated in (Table/Fig 3) and plotted on (Table/Fig 4).
Baseline data of various nasal angles of both genders for the adult population of the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand were compiled. A significantly greater nasofrontal angle was observed in females as compared to males. This finding is in accordance with the studies conducted by Uzun A and Ozdemir F, Asghari A et al., and He Z-j et al., (10),(35),(39). To the contrary, Babaei K et al., Safi-Eddine Z et al., and Choi JY et al., did not find any significant difference between the two genders (9),(32),(40).
Nasofacial angle was documented to be significantly greater in males in comparison to females in the present study, whereas no significant differences between the genders were observed by Babaei K et al., and Safi-Eddine Z et al., (9),(32).
The present study also revealed no significant sexual dimorphism in the nasolabial angle. This finding is in alignment with Babaei K et al., Uzun A and Ozdemir F, Othman SA et al., Safi-Eddine Z et al., Asghari A et al., He Z-j et al., and Choi JY et al., (9),(10),(29),(32),(35),(39),(40).
Nasal-tip angle demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the two genders. Similar results were found by He Z-j et al., (39). Safi-Eddine Z et al., in 2024, studied Nasal-tip angle in the Moroccan population using the photogrammetry method, taking 20 males and 31 females. They found significant differences between the two genders for the same (32). Similarly, Uzun A and Ozdemir F and Asghari A et al., also found significant differences between the two genders (10),(35). The current study shows no significant sexual dimorphism in the inter-alar angle, which is in validation to the study conducted by Pazos JAT et al., (36).
These angular dimensions were compared with those found by other authors measured on different populations worldwide, as mentioned in (Table/Fig 5),(Table/Fig 6),(Table/Fig 7),(Table/Fig 8),(Table/Fig 9) (9),(10),(17),(18),(29),(31),(32),(33),(34),(35),(36),(39),(40),(41). The parameters were observed to be significantly different across different ethnicities, implying the impact of geographical and genetic factors on the development of the nose (13). This is in confirmation with the views shared by other researchers (9),(10),(17),(28),(32),(41),(42).
Studies conducted in South-India (17), Turkey (10) and Morocco (females) (32) revealed no significant differences in nasofrontal angle as compared to Garhwal, Himalayas. Egyptian (31) and Moroccan males (32) exhibited no statistically significant variation for nasofacial angle when compared to males of the present study.
The nasolabial angle of the current study was not found to be significantly different from that of Moroccan males and females (32), South-west Iranian (9) and Turkish males (18).
The study conducted by Uzun A and Ozdemir F in Turkey did not display any reliable difference in males for Nasal-tip angle with that of Garhwali males (10).
Uzun A and Ozdemir F in 2014 stated nasal angles to be reliable parameters for planning reconstructive surgical intervention (10). Babaei K et al., in their study using a photogrammetric method and protractor, opined that population- and gender specific data can help surgeons in planning preoperative surgical outcomes (9).
Limitation(s)
Only the photogrammetric method was employed in the study due to time constraints, and hence its effectiveness and reliability to obtain accurate results could not be checked when compared to other conventional techniques. Future studies using different methods, on broader age groups, will yield precise results generalisable to all age groups.
The study has prepared baseline data of average nasal angles for the residents of the Garhwal area of Uttarakhand and has corroborated sexual dichotomy for nasofrontal and nasofacial angles. It also confirms all angular dimensions to be specific for different ethnicities, which makes them distinct from other populations who experience different environmental and geographical conditions. Reconstructive surgeons will benefit from this information while performing various cosmetic and therapeutic surgeries. Geneticists will use this data for diagnosis of congenital syndromes. Biomedical engineers can utilise this data to develop ergonomically adapted facial accessories and prostheses. It will also be useful for identifying the source of partial remains found during medicolegal investigations by forensic experts. Clinical anatomists and anthropologists can further elaborate this during future research. The present study has also confirmed the feasibility and acceptability of the photogrammetric method for anthropometric studies in the community setting owing to its non invasive nature and easy to use.
The authors deeply appreciate the volunteers for becoming a part of the study, the people who supported its execution and the institute for providing the logistics.
Authors’ contribution: NA: Concept and design, data collection, statistical analysis, manuscript drafting, critical revision; AKD: Concept and design, data collection, statistical analysis, manuscript drafting, critical revision; AS: Concept and design, data collection, statistical analysis, manuscript drafting, critical revision; VA: Concept and design, data collection, statistical analysis, manuscript drafting, critical revision.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2026/90357.24385
Date of Submission: May 07, 2026
Date of Peer Review: Jun 15, 2026
Date of Acceptance: Jul 28, 2026
Date of Publishing: Sep 01, 2026
Author declaration:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. Yes
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: May 10, 2026
• Manual Googling: Jul 23, 2026
• iThenticate Software: Jul 25, 2026 (4%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
EMENDATIONS: 6
- Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
- Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
- Academic Search Complete Database
- Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
- Embase
- EBSCOhost
- Google Scholar
- HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
- Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
- Journal seek Database
- Popline (reproductive health literature)
- www.omnimedicalsearch.com