Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

Users Online : 43018

AbstractMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferencesDOI and Others
Article in PDF How to Cite Citation Manager Readers' Comments (0) Audio Visual Article Statistics Link to PUBMED Print this Article Send to a Friend
Advertisers Access Statistics Resources

Dr Mohan Z Mani

"Thank you very much for having published my article in record time.I would like to compliment you and your entire staff for your promptness, courtesy, and willingness to be customer friendly, which is quite unusual.I was given your reference by a colleague in pathology,and was able to directly phone your editorial office for clarifications.I would particularly like to thank the publication managers and the Assistant Editor who were following up my article. I would also like to thank you for adjusting the money I paid initially into payment for my modified article,and refunding the balance.
I wish all success to your journal and look forward to sending you any suitable similar article in future"



Dr Mohan Z Mani,
Professor & Head,
Department of Dermatolgy,
Believers Church Medical College,
Thiruvalla, Kerala
On Sep 2018




Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar

"Over the last few years, we have published our research regularly in Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Having published in more than 20 high impact journals over the last five years including several high impact ones and reviewing articles for even more journals across my fields of interest, we value our published work in JCDR for their high standards in publishing scientific articles. The ease of submission, the rapid reviews in under a month, the high quality of their reviewers and keen attention to the final process of proofs and publication, ensure that there are no mistakes in the final article. We have been asked clarifications on several occasions and have been happy to provide them and it exemplifies the commitment to quality of the team at JCDR."



Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar
Head, Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad
Chairman, Research Group, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad
National Joint Coordinator - Advanced IAP NNF NRP Program
Ex-Member, Governing Body, National Neonatology Forum, New Delhi
Ex-President - National Neonatology Forum Gujarat State Chapter
Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat.
On Sep 2018




Dr. Kalyani R

"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



Dr Kalyani R
Professor and Head
Department of Pathology
Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College
Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka
On Sep 2018




Dr. Saumya Navit

"As a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research provides an opportunity to researchers, scientists and budding professionals to explore the developments in the field of medicine and dentistry and their varied specialities, thus extending our view on biological diversities of living species in relation to medicine.
‘Knowledge is treasure of a wise man.’ The free access of this journal provides an immense scope of learning for the both the old and the young in field of medicine and dentistry as well. The multidisciplinary nature of the journal makes it a better platform to absorb all that is being researched and developed. The publication process is systematic and professional. Online submission, publication and peer reviewing makes it a user-friendly journal.
As an experienced dentist and an academician, I proudly recommend this journal to the dental fraternity as a good quality open access platform for rapid communication of their cutting-edge research progress and discovery.
I wish JCDR a great success and I hope that journal will soar higher with the passing time."



Dr Saumya Navit
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Saraswati Dental College
Lucknow
On Sep 2018




Dr. Arunava Biswas

"My sincere attachment with JCDR as an author as well as reviewer is a learning experience . Their systematic approach in publication of article in various categories is really praiseworthy.
Their prompt and timely response to review's query and the manner in which they have set the reviewing process helps in extracting the best possible scientific writings for publication.
It's a honour and pride to be a part of the JCDR team. My very best wishes to JCDR and hope it will sparkle up above the sky as a high indexed journal in near future."



Dr. Arunava Biswas
MD, DM (Clinical Pharmacology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital , Kolkata




Dr. C.S. Ramesh Babu
" Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a multi-specialty medical and dental journal publishing high quality research articles in almost all branches of medicine. The quality of printing of figures and tables is excellent and comparable to any International journal. An added advantage is nominal publication charges and monthly issue of the journal and more chances of an article being accepted for publication. Moreover being a multi-specialty journal an article concerning a particular specialty has a wider reach of readers of other related specialties also. As an author and reviewer for several years I find this Journal most suitable and highly recommend this Journal."
Best regards,
C.S. Ramesh Babu,
Associate Professor of Anatomy,
Muzaffarnagar Medical College,
Muzaffarnagar.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Arundhathi. S
"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
The journal has a monthly publication and the articles are published quite fast. In time compared to other journals. The on-line first publication is also a great advantage and facility to review one's own articles before going to print. The response to any query and permission if required, is quite fast; this is quite commendable. I have a very good experience about seeking quick permission for quoting a photograph (Fig.) from a JCDR article for my chapter authored in an E book. I never thought it would be so easy. No hassles.
Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2011 | Month : November | Volume : 5 | Issue : 6 | Page : 1158 - 1160 Full Version

Microalbuminuria in Non-diabetic, Non-hypertensive Myocardial Infarction in South Indian Patients with Relation to Lipid Profile and Cardiac Markers


Published: November 1, 2011 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2011/.1608
Sathisha T.G., Manjunatha Goud B.K., Avinash S.S., Jeevan Shetty, Oinam Sarsina Devi, Devaki R.N.

Department of Biochemistry, KMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Department of Biochemistry Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, U.A.E Department of Biochemistry, FMMC, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Department of Biochemistry, KMC, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Department of Nursing, Vidya Nursing College Udupi, Karnataka, India. Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medial College, JSS University. Mysore, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr.B.K.Manjunatha Goud
Asistant Professor of Biochemistry
Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al
Khaimah, U.A.E-11172
Mobile:+971554195204
E-Mail:drmanjunathag@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction and Objective: The present study was carried out to compare the levels of urinary microalbumin, the lipid profile, the cardiac enzymes and troponin T in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive myocardial infarction patients and in healthy controls and to know the possible relationship between microalbuminuria and the lipid profile markers and the cardiac enzymes in myocardial infarction in patients from the southern part of India.

Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 35 nondiabetic, non-hypertensive myocardial infarction patients and in 35 healthy, age matched controls. Urinary albumin, urinary creatinine, creatinine kinase-MB fraction (CK-MB), AST, LDH, troponin I and the lipid profile parameters were estimated by using an automated analyzer. The total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and the LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio were also calculated by using the total cholesterol and the LDL and HDL values.

Results: There was a significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, microalbumin, cardiac enzymes and troponin I (p<0.001) in patients with myocardial infarction as compared to those in the healthy controls. On applying Pearson’s correlation, the microalbumin levels were found to correlate positively with the LDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.010, r = 0.952) and Troponin I (p=0.025, r = 0.885) and this was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion: Microalbuminuria can be used as a predictor for the early detection of cardiovascular and renal changes along with the lipid profile markers in the general population to prevent the mortality and morbidity which are associated with acute myocardial infarction

Keywords

Microalbuminuria,Myocardial infarction, lipid profile

Introduction
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the commonest diseases amongst hospitalized patients in industrialized countries. The mortality rate of AMI is approximately 30% and for every 1 in 25 patients who survive the initial hospitalization, dies in the first year after AMI (1). Indians are four times more prone to AMI as compared to the people of other countries due to a combination of the genetic and lifestyle factors that promote metabolic dysfunction. The risk of cardiovascular disease is predicted by various factors such as age, sex, smoking, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. In most of the cases, the cardiovascular changes are detected only after a person exhibits the classical symptoms and the signs of acute myocardial infarction. This clearly indicates the need for a marker which can detect the risk of cardiovascular changes in the early stages, so that an effective prevention can be made possible.

Microalbuminuria (MA) is defined as the urine albumin to the urine creatinine ratio (UACR) of 30-300 mg/G of creatinine (2). Microalbumiuria is considered to be a predictor of early renal damage in patients with diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have shown that MA is associated independently with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic and hypertensive patients (3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8). Accordingly, the national and international guidelines recommend the screening for MA in patients with diabetes or hypertension (9),(10),(11).

It is less clear, however, whether the screening for MA should be extended to the general population or to individuals who are at alower risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as nondiabetics or non-hypertensives. Investigators have postulated that MA may be a marker of risk, even in apparently healthy people, because it reflects vascular damage in the kidneys and in the systemic endothelial dysfunction (12),(13), (14). As Indians are at a high risk for the development of cardiovascular events, it clearly demands the importance of cost-effective markers for the detection of the early cardiovascular changes.

The present study was undertaken to measure the levels of microalbumin with the cardiac enzymes and the lipid profile parameters in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive acute myocardial infarction patients, to know the relationship between MA and the lipid profile parameters and to compare their levels with those of the healthy controls.

Material and Methods

This study was carried out on patients who were admitted to the Cardiology Department, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal. The study group consisted of 35 patients with AMI and an equal number of age and sex matched controls were also included. The mean age of the patients was 59 ± 10 years and that of the controls was 52 ± 10 years. They were diagnosed to have AMI according to the clinical criteria; chest pain which lasted for up to 3 hours, ECG changes (ST elevation of 2mm or more in at least two leads), with elevated cardiac markers. Patients with a history of diabetes,h(y2p)ertension, systemic infection, (u3r)inary tract infection, arthritis, nephropathy (serum creatinine >1.0mg/dl), AMI following surgery and major trauma were excluded from the study.

After obtaining an ethical clearance from the institutional ethical committee, informed consent was obtained from all the subjects who were involved in the study. 5ml of blood samples were drawn into plain vacutainers from the antecubital vein of all the patients. Similarly, samples were also obtained from age and sex matched healthy controls. Early morning mid stream urine samples were collected under strict aseptic precautions. Fasting lipid profile, creatinine kinase MB isoform, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, troponin I and microalbumin levels were determined by using an automated analyzer, Hitachi 912, after proper processing and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol ratio was calculated by dividing the HDL cholesterol values from the total cholesterol values. The LDL: HDL ratio was calculated by dividing the HDL values from the LDL values.

Statistical analysis
The results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). p values which were <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-16, Chicago, USA). The ‘independent sample t test’ was used to compare the mean values. Pearson correlation was applied to correlate between the parameters.

Results

As depicted in (Table/Fig 1), there was a significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/ HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, microalbumin, cardiac enzymes and troponin I (p<0.001) in patients with myocardial infarction as compared to those in the healthy controls. On applying Pearson’s correlation, the microalbumin levels were found to correlate positively with the LDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.010, r = 0.952) and Troponin I (p=0.025, r = 0.885) and this was found to be statistically significant.

Discussion

In line with previous studies, we found a significant rise in the cardiac enzymes CK-MB, AST, LDH and troponin I in AMI patients. After infarction, the enzymes leak from the cytosol due to myocardial tissue injury. We found a significant increase in the total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, the TC/HC ratio and the LDL/HDL ratio. LDL has an important role in the transport of cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues. Previous studies have shown that elevated LDL levels increased the risk for the development of atherosclerosis. LDL cholesterol undergoes oxidation due to various factors and oxidized LDL plays a key role in the initiation and development of atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries (15). An original paper described that the increase in the LDL/HDL ratio was a better indicator of the atherogenic tendency (16) and this was in agreement with our study, which also found an increase in the LDL/ HDL ratio. The total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio can further confirm the atherogenic risk, which was evident in our study group in comparison with the healthy controls.

Previous studies have shown the increase in the microabumin levels in diabetic and/or hypertensive patients and also in non diabetic and non hypertensive patients. Several studies have shown that microalbuminuria is a good predictor of early renal damage and this helps to initiate preventive measures for renal damage (17). In agreement with previous studies, we found a significant increase in the microalbumin levels in patients with AMI as compared to those in healthy controls. This may be due to dyslipidaemia induced renal glomerular damage or in some cases, due to ischaemia and reperfusion.

In comparison to earlier studies, we found a positive correlation between microalbuminuria and cardiac troponin I, which was statistically significant. A positive correlation may indicate that the extent of microalbumiuria is proportional to the size of the infarct and the severity of the coronary artery damage. Similarly, we found a positive correlation between microalbuminuria and LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol, which was statistically significant. A positive correlation between the atherogenic lipid profile parameters and microalbuminuria clearly indicated the role of the latter in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the exact mechanism of the accelerated atherosclerosis in microlabuminuria is not clear. Abnormal vasodilatation, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation andabnormal coagulation may be involved in this process.

In conclusion, microalbuminuria can be used as a predictor for the early detection of cardiovascular renal changes along with the lipid profile markers in the general population, to prevent the mortality and morbidity which are associated with acute myocardial infarction. However, due to its non- specific nature, there should be proper selection criteria, so that it can be used as an effective screening tool in the general population.

References

1.
Alvin CP. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Dennis LC, Anthony SF, Dan LL, Eugene B, Stephen LH, Jamenson IL, editors. Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine.15th edn: New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001: 2109-37.
2.
American Diabetes Association: Clinical recommendations 2001: Diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(suppl 1):S69-S72.
3.
Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. N Engl J Med 1984;310:356-60.
4.
Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Baldari D, Campese VM. Microalbuminuria predicts cardiovascular events and renal insufficiency in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1998;16:1325-33.
5.
Jensen JS, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S, Schroll M, Borch- Johnsen K. Arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria, and the risk of ischemic heart disease. Hypertension 2000;35:898-903.
6.
Deckert T, Yokoyama H, Mathiesen E, Ronn B, Jensen T, Feldt- Rasmussen B et al. A cohort study on the predictive value of urinary albumin excretion for atherosclerotic vascular disease in patients with insulin dependent diabetes. Br Med J 1996;312:871-4.
7.
Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a systematic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1413-18.
8.
Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B et al. Albuminuria and the risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. J Am Med Assoc 2001;286:421– 26.
9.
Anonymous. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(suppl 1):S5–S10.
10.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and the Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. J Am Med Assoc 2003;289:2560-72.
11.
Anonymous. 2003 European Society of Hypertension–European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21:1011–53.
12.
Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S, Schroll M, Jensen JS. Urinary albumin excretion: an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19: 1992–7.
13.
Yuyun MF, Khaw KT, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, Day NE et al. A prospective study of microalbuminuria and incident coronary heart disease and its prognostic significance in a British population: the EPIC-Norfolk study. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:284-93.
14.
Berton G, Cordiano R, Palmieri R, Cucchini F, De Toni R, Palatini P ,et al. Microalbuminuria during acute myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal 2001; 22:1466-75.
15.
Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance. Biol Chem 1997; 272:20963–68.
16.
Brown BG, Fuster V. The impact of management in the stabilization of coronary disease. Lippincott-Raven 1996; 191–205.
17.
Jarett RJ, Viberti CG, Argyropoulos A, Hill RD, Mahmud U, Murrells TJ. Microalbuminuria predicts mortality in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1984; 1: 17-20.

Tables and Figures
[Table / Fig - 1]
DOI and Others

JCDR/2011/1608

JCDR is now Monthly and more widely Indexed .
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
  • Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
  • Academic Search Complete Database
  • Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
  • Embase
  • EBSCOhost
  • Google Scholar
  • HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
  • Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
  • Journal seek Database
  • Google
  • Popline (reproductive health literature)
  • www.omnimedicalsearch.com