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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in primary dysmenorrhea
Correspondence Address :
S.Venkata Rao Professor & HOD in Department of Biochemistry , Katuri Medical College , Katuri Nagar, Chinakondrupadu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail : s_vrao11@yahoo.co.in Cell: +919441309881
Objectives : Primary dysmenorrhea is the menstrual pain associated with ovulatory cycles in the absence of pathological findings common in adolescents. Oxygen free radicals and the formation of primary dysmenorrhea is closely related to atrial contraction of uterine smooth muscle. The present study was to investigate the oxidative stress and antioxidants status in primary dysmenorrhea.
Methods : A 45 cases of primary dysmenorrhea and 25 age and sex matched controls were included in the study. The lipid peroxidation status was measured by estimating malondialdehyde. The antioxidant status was measured by estimating reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, vitamin E and vitamin C respectively.
Reslults : The malondialdehyde level was increased in cases than controls (p = 0.001). The antioxidant parameters studied like reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, vitamin E and vitamin C, all were decreased individually in cases than controls respectively (p = 0.001).
Conclusions : Our study showed a significant increased lipid per oxidation and decreased anti oxidants levels in primary dysmenorrhea cases than controls. This study reveals increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidants as one of the important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea.
Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant, Dysmenorrhea.
Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as painful menstrual cramps without any evident pathology to account for them. It refers to any degree of perceived cramping pain during menstruation. 5 – 10% of girls in their late teens or early 20 years are severely incapacitates by primary dysmenorrhea for short hours each month (1). The pain is a low, midline, wave like, cramping pelvic pain, radiating to back or inner thighs. Cramps last for one or more days with nausea, diarrhea, headache and flushing’s. Uterus suffers with vasoconstriction, anorexia, sustained contractions mediated by prostaglandins “PGF2 and PGF2α”. Oxidative stress was studied during such attacks of pain.
In most but not all women with primary dysmenorrhea, there is increased endometrial secretion of menstrual prostaglandin F2(PGF2) during the menstrual phase (2),(3). The release of prostaglandins into the menstrual fluid is a continuous discontinuous process (4) that is, the amount of menstrual fluid and prostaglandins varies throughout any window of time. The intensity of the menstrual cramps and associated symptoms of dysmenorrhea are directly proportional to the amount of PGF2 released (5).
The other factors are circulating vasopressin levels are higher in women who have dysmenorrhea. Vasopressin stimulates uterine contractility. Leukotrienes and endothelins also increase myometrial contractility but their role in dysmenorrhea is unclear (6).
Oxygen free radicals and the formation of primary dysmenorrhea is closely related to artrial contraction of uterine smooth muscle, when the muscle between the blood vessels leading to theemergence of uterine compression, transient ischemic muscle and endometrial cells to the uterus as ischemia-reperfusion and produce more oxygen free radical scavenging chlorine superoxide dismutase will correspondingly reduce the psychosocial factors and primary dysmenorrhea (7).
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate oxidative stress and antioxidant status in primary dysmenorrhea and comparing the same with healthy controls.
A 45 women of primary dysmenorrhea who attended the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Mamata Medical College, Khammam were included in the study. A 25 healthy, age and sex matched controls were included in the study. The lipid peroxidation status was assessed by estimating MDA and antioxidant status was assessed by estimating superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin E and vitamin C in all the subjects respectively. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for the study of various parameters and taken in EDTA vial, in plain vial (without anticoagulant) and in heparinized vials. Samples were used for the estimations of plasma vitamin C, Plasma vitamin E, whole blood reduced glutathione, red cell SOD activity and Serum MDA.
MDA was estimated in terms of thiobarbutric reacting species (TBARS) by the method of M .Sasikala and et al, (8). The thiobarbituric acid reaction is used to measure serum MDA. In this test, the chromogen is formed by the reaction of one molecule of MDA with two molecules of TBA. The method involves heating the sample (serum) with trichloroacetic acid and thiobarbituricacid under acidic conditions. To increase sensitivity, the MDATBA adduct formed is extracted into an organic solvent (butanol) and reading the absorbance of the MDA-TBA adduct at 532 nm.. SOD was assayed according to the procedure of CC. Winterbourn et al (9).
This method is based on the method of Beauchamp and Fridovich and depends on the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the reduction of NBT by superoxide, which is generated by the reaction of photoreduced riboflavin and oxygen. Results are expressed as units of superoxide dismutase per gram of hemoglobin and 1 unit is defined for a particular system as that amount of enzyme causing half the maximum inhibition of NBT reduction. GSH was estimated in the whole blood by method of Beutler, Duran and Kelly. The method is based upon the development of a relatively stable yellow colour when 5,5’ –dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) is added to sulfhydril compounds.
Vitamin E was estimated by using Emmerie-Engel reaction (10). This method is based on the reduction by tocopherols of ferric to ferrous ions, which then form a red complex with α,α’ –dipyridyl. ocopherols and carotenes are then extracted into xylene and the extinction read to 460nm to measure the carotenes. A correction is made for these after adding ferric chloride and reading at 520nm.
Vitamin C was estimated by 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol titration method. (11) 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol is red in acid solution and on titration with a solution of ascorbic acid is reduced to the colourless leucobase, the ascorbic acid being oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
Statistical analysis was done using SalStat statistical software. t-test unpaired was used to compare means between cases and controls at 5% level of significance.
Results of statistical analysis of oxidant and antioxidant parameters
The lipid peroxidation status was assessed in terms of MDA levels in the subjects. The MDA level was increased in cases of primary dysmenorrhea (mean ± SD = 4.31200 ± 0.48235) than controls (mean ± SD = 1.94880 ± 0.22775). The difference in the means is statistically highly significant as p = 0.0000001. In contrast to this, the antioxidant status was assessed by estimating MDA,SOD, GSH, vitamin E and vitamin C respectively. The SOD level was significantly decreased in cases (mean ± SD = 2278.84444 ± 182.67178) than control (mean ± SD = 3486.64000 ± 333.27665) as p = 0.0000001. Similarly the GSH was also significantly decreased in cases (mean ± SD = 52.55622 ± 5.71813) than controls (mean ± SD = 70.72000 ± 4.01580) as p = 0.0000001. Furthermore antioxidant vitamins were also significantly decreased in cases when compared to the controls. The vitamin E was significantly decreased in cases (mean ± SD = 0.78156 ± 0.07058) than controls (mean ± SD = 1.33800 ± 0.28746) as p = 0.0000001. Similarly the vitamin C was also significantly decreased in cases (mean ± SD = 0.68422 ± 0.08267) than control (mean ± SD = 1.13560 ± 0.19183) as p = 0.0000001 respectively as shown in the (Table/Fig 1).
Our study showed increased lipid per oxidation that is increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidants levels in primary dysmenorrhea cases than controls. This study reveals increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidants as one of the important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea. The decreased antioxidants level may be due to increased consumption of antioxidants to detoxify the increased oxidants or free radicals in primary dismenrrhoea.
The most appropriate first-line choice of therapy in most women with primary dysmenorrhea is an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). William’s gyneclology says that, oral vitamins E and B (thiamine), magnesium, fish oil, low fat diet, and the herb Toki-Shakuyaku-San have all be shown to improve dysmenorrhea. (12) The careful examination of these food items reveals that these food are very good sources of vitamin E, Vitamin A and other important nutrients. The vitamin E and vitamin A are very good antioxidants and administration of these along with other nutrients thus have improved the dymenorrhoea. This study reveals that along with NASID, the patients of primary dymenorrhea should be supplemented with natural antioxidants like vitamin E, vitamin c and β- carotenoids which would be extremely useful and may be helpful in combating the pain.
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