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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
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On April 2011
Anuradha

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On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Case report
Year : 2011 | Month : August | Volume : 5 | Issue : 4 | Page : 862 - 864 Full Version

A Rare, Variant Overlapping of the Brachioradial and the Deep Brachial Artery in the Arm: A Potential Hazard for Angiography


Published: August 1, 2011 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2011/.1462
Ivan James Prithishkumar, Madhavi Chathu

Corresponding Author. Professor, Department of Anatomy Christian Medical College and hospital Vellore – 632002, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Ivan James Prithishkumar
Assistant professor, Department of Anatomy
Christian Medical College and hospital
Vellore – 632002, India.
Phone: +91 416 2284245; Fax: +91 416 2262788
E-mail: drivanjames@gmail.com

Abstract

We report a hitherto unobserved variant of high division of the brachial artery, 7.8 cm distal to the tendon of the teres major and 13.0 cm proximal to the intercondylar line of the elbow into an unusual, medially placed brachioradial artery and a laterally placed deep brachial artery in a 68-year-old male cadaver. These branches again overlap each other, 3.5 cm proximal to the elbow and are very closely related to the median nerve. This variation may pose extreme difficultly and a potential hazard during cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, arterial cannulation, blood pressure monitoring, creation of arteriovenous fistulas and vascular repairs.

Keywords

Brachial artery, Brachioradial, Deep brachial

Morphological variations in the arterial pattern of the upper extremity bears considerable significance from the surgical point of view. The upper extremity is a frequent site of injury, and various surgical and interventional procedures are also performed in this region (1). Traumatic brachial artery injuries constitute a relatively large proportion of the peripheral arterial injuries (2). A percutaneous brachial artery access (PBA) for coronary interventions is beginning to be seen more frequently in interventional cardiology (3). An awareness of the vascular anomalies at the common surgical sites should tend to decrease the likelihood of injury during any surgical intervention.

Case Report

During the regular dissection of the right upper limb of a 68-year-old male cadaver, (donated to the department of anatomy for teaching and research purposes) we observed a hitherto undescribed rare variant of high division of the brachial artery. The brachial artery divided into a variant, medially placed brachioradial artery and a laterally placed deep brachial artery (It is well noted that the converse is usually true), about 7.8 cm distal to the tendon of the teres major and 13.0 cm proximal to the intercondylar line of the elbow (Table/Fig 1). The other branches of the brachial artery included the profunda brachii artery and the nutrient artery of the humerus (Table/Fig 2). The median nerve was situated lateral to the brachial artery in the proximal arm and lateral to the deep brachial artery in the distal portion of the arm.

Brachioradial artery: Just distal to its origin, the brachioradial artery crossed the median nerve anterolaterally, and then proceededlateral to the median nerve. The brachioradial artery again overlapped the deep brachial artery, 3.5 cm proximal to the intercondylar line (Table/Fig 1). At the elbow, it passed below the bicipital aponeurosis lying lateral to the median nerve. Distal to the elbow, the brachioradial artery gave the radial recurrent artery to supply the elbow joint (Table/Fig 2). In the forearm, the artery was medial to the brachioradialis, and taking the usual course of the radial artery, it passed deep into the tendons of the brachioradialis, the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis.

Deep brachial artery: At its origin in the arm, the deep brachial artery was situated lateral to the brachioradial artery. It was unusually overlapped anterolaterally by the brachioradial artery, 3.5 cm proximal to the intercondylar line of the elbow (Table/Fig 1). Proximal to the elbow, the deep brachial artery gave the superior ulnar collateral artery and the inferior ulnar collateral artery [Table/ Fig 1]. Just distal to the intercondylar line, the deep brachial artery passed beneath the bicipital aponeurosis and continued in the forearm deep into the pronator teres. It was medial to the median nerve along its entire length. The deep brachial artery divided into the common interosseus artery and the ulnar artery, 7.2 cm distal to the intercondylar line (Table/Fig 2). The branches of the common interosseous artery were the anterior interosseous, the posterior interosseous and the interosseus recurrent arteries. Thereafter, the ulnar artery ended by forming the superficial palmar arch.

Discussion

The early limb bud receives blood via the intersegmental arteries which contribute to the formation of a primitive capillary plexus. A terminal plexus present at the tip of the limb bud is constantlyrenewed in a distal direction as the limb bud grows. Later, one main vessel supplies the limb and the terminal plexus and this is termed as the axis artery. In the upper limb bud, the axis artery is derived from the lateral branch of the seventh intersegmental artery (subclavian). The axis artery grows outwards along the ventral axial line and terminates in the deep plexus of the developing hand. The proximal part of the main trunk forms the axillary and the brachial arteries, and its distal part persists as the anterior interosseous artery and the deep palmar arch (3), (4).The normal vascular development and the patterning of the blood vessels is greatly influenced by local haemodynamic factors; an altered haemodynamic environment gives rise to the variant patterning of the blood vessels (5). Ectodermal-mesenchymal interactions and extracellular matrix components also control the initial patterning of the blood vessels within the limb (6).

The brachial artery normally commences at the lower margin of the tendon of the teres major and passing down the arm, ends about 1 cm below the bend of the elbow (at the level of the neck of the radius), where it divides into the radial and the ulnar arteries (7). Reports on the high division of the brachial artery have been cited in literature (1),(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) (14). Many of these reports have failed to take account of previous ones because of which the brachioradial artery has been variously termed as type 5, the brachialis superficialis continuing as the radial artery, the high origin of the radial artery, type B1 and the superficial radial artery (15). In a recent attempt to simplify the terminology, Rodriguez et al. (2001) unified previous descriptions to a total of 12 different arterial variations in the upper limb (15).

We report the occurrence of a variant which has still been undescribed in the literature. It is of particular interest for two reasons. One is that, at the bifurcation, the brachioradial artery is medial and the deep brachial artery is lateral in position (Table/Fig 1). The second is an unusual overlapping of these vessels, 3.5 cm proximal to the intercondylar line of the elbow. These branches are closely related to the median nerve. Only Quarrat et al. report a similar high division of the brachial artery where the radial artery was placed medially and the ulnar artery lateral in position (16). However, there is no overlapping of the arteries as described by them.

Vascular anomalies which are present at the common surgical sites tend to increase the likelihood of damage during surgery, and the failure to recognize these vascular anomalies may result in a compromised surgical outcome (17). Deligonul et al. described a case where the brachial artery bifurcation variants posed a potential hidden hazard which is encountered in percutaneous brachial artery catheterization techniques (18). The proximal originof the radial artery is also known to be a potential pitfall in hand angiography (19).

This particular variation may pose extreme difficultly during cardiac catheterization for angioplasty, pedicle flaps, blood pressure monitoring, arterial cannulation, creation of arteriovenous fistulas and vascular repairs. The accurate knowledge of the course, relationship and the variational patterns of these major arterial conduits is of considerable practical importance in the conduct of reparative surgery of the arm.

Key Message

The brachial artery is an important route for cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, and reparative procedures of the arm. Unusual variations may pose a hazardous threat to the procedure.

References

1.
Cherukupalli C, Dwivedi A, Dayal R. High bifurcation of the brachial artery with acute arterial insufficiency: A Case Report. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2008;41(6): 572-574.
2.
Hunt CA, Kingsley JR. Vascular injuries of the upper extremity. South Med J 2000;93:466–468.
3.
Andrzej B, John F, Deepak K, Abdulwahhab A, Hiroshi Y. A novel approach to percutaneous brachial artery access hemostasis-an overview of how to use the terumo band radial compression device during brachial access. Cardiac Interventions Today 2010 June; 22-23.
4.
Suganthy, J., Koshy, S., Indrasingh I., Vettivel, S. A Very Rare Absence of the Radial Artery : A Case Report. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 2002; 51(1).
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Rodriguez-BA, Nebot J, Ferreira B, Reina F, Perez J, Sanudo JR, Roig M. An anatomical study and ontogenetic explanation of 23 cases with variations in the main pattern of the human brachio-antebrachial arteries. J Anat. 1995; 187: 473–479.
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Feinberg RN. Vascular development in the embryonic limb bud. In: Feinberg RN, Sherer GK, Auerbach R, eds. The development of the vascular system. Basel, Karger (Issues Biomed). 1991; 14: 136–148.
7.
Johnson D, Ellis H, Collins P. Upper Arm. In: Standring S, Ellis H, Healy JC, Johnson D, Williams A, Collins P, eds. Gray’s Anatomy, 39th Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p 856.
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Bojana K, Biljana S, Dusica M, Radmila G, Sasa M, Sinisa B. An anatomical study of double brachial arteries – a case report. International Journal of Anatomical Variations 2010; 3: 6–8.
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Namani S, Sunitha P, Munvar MS, Satya P. Brachial artery with high up division with its embryological basis and clinical significance. International Journal of Anatomical Variations 2010; 3: 56–58.
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Guha R, Palit S. A rare variation of the anomalous median nerve with an absent musculocutaneous nerve and high up division of the brachial artery. J Interacad. 2005; 9: 398–403.
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Golan J, Kaus M, Szwarc P. High origin of the ulnar and radial arteries in humans. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 1994; 53(1): 37-48.
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Celik HH, Sargon MF, Konan A, Kural E. High brachial artery bifurcation: a report of 2 cases. Bull Assoc Anat 1996; 80(250): 13-4.
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Aharinejad, Nourani F, Hollensteiner H. Rare case of high origin of the ulnar artery from the brachial artery. Clin Anat 1997; 10: 253-258.
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Patnaik VVG, Kalsey G, Singla Rajan K. Branching Pattern of the Brachial Artery-A Morphological Study. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 2002; 51(2): 176-186.
15.
Rodriguez M, Vazquez T, Nearn L, Ferreira B, Parkin I, Sanudo JR. Variations of the arterial pattern in the upper limb revisited: A morphological and statistical study, with a review of the literature. J Anat 2001; 199: 547-566.
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Qurrat UA, Yasmin K, Tasnim AR. High Division of the Brachial Artery Analogous? Start of the Radial and the Ulnar Arteries. Ann King Edward Med Coll 2002; 8(1): 30-1.
17.
Al-Fayez MA, Kaimkahani ZA, Zafar M, Darwish H, Aldahmash A Al Ahaideb A. Multiple arterial variations in the right upper limb of a caucasian male cadaver. Int. J. Morphol 2010; 28(3):659-665.
18.
Deligonul U, Gabliani G, Kern MJ, Vandormael M. Percutaneous brachial catheterization: the hidden hazard of high brachial artery bifurcation. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1988; 14(1): 44-5.
19.
Keller FS, Rösch J, Dotter CT, Porter JM. Proximal origin of the radial artery: potential pitfall in hand angiography. Am J Roentgenol 1980; 134(1): 169-70.

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