Effect of Occupational Exposure to Pollutants on Peak Expiratory flow Rate of Healthy Non-smoking Bus Drivers in the Age Group of 20-55 Years
Correspondence Address :
Aditya Jain (M.D.)
Assistant Professor (Physiology)
House No. 13 Khalsa College Colony Patiala (Punjab), India.
Phone: 09872877959
E-mail: rumybansal07@yahoo.co.in
Objective: The present study was undertaken to establish the effect of pollutants in the form of auto-exhaust, gases, etc. on the respiratory airways of healthy, non-smoking bus drivers in the age group of 20-55 years, by measuring the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) values.
Materials and Methods: One hundred healthy, non-smoking bus drivers in the age group of 20 years to 55 years. were selected randomly from a bus stand of the PRTC (Punjab Roadways Transport Corporation) in the Patiala district and their PEFR values were compared with those of one hundred healthy, non-smoking persons in the age group of 20 years to 55 years, who were engaged in professions other than bus driving. Subjects with a prior history of reactive airways or bronchodilator intake were excluded. The influence of age, height, weight, body surface area and the duration of exposure on PEFR were studied. The PEFR test was performed by using Mini Wright’s Peak Flow Meter.
Results: The mean PEFR of the bus drivers was found to be less than that of the control subjects in each group and the results were found to be statistically highly significant (p<0.005). This decrease in the PEFR in the bus drivers was probably due to their continuous occupational exposure to pollutants, which may have caused an adverse effect on their respiratory functions.
Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in the lung functions of the bus drivers, as compared to those of the controls.
PEFR, Lung Functions, Bus Drivers, Peak Expiratory Flow, Mini WrightÂ’s Peak Flow Meter, Respiratory Airways
INTRODUCTION
Since the past few years, there has been an enormous increase in the use of automobile vehicles i.e. buses, trucks, cars, etc. in India, especially in the urban areas, due to which there has been an increase in the number of air pollutants in the form of oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulate matter, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, sulphur dioxide, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, etc., which may be potential hazards which contribute to the development of respiratory ailments in people who are at work, especially in bus drivers. Among these pollutants, the oxides of nitrogen are respiratory toxicants (Darke et al, 1958) (1). The WHO technical report of 1969 stated that automobile exhaust was an important irritant in most instances, which affected the respiratory tract. It is essential to detect and treat respiratory obstruction at an early and reversible stage for the prevention of permanent damage. In the persons who are exposed to these pollutants, pulmonary function tests are used as screening tests to determine their effects (2). The peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is one such parameter that can be easily measured (3).
The present study was undertaken to establish the effect of pollutants in the form of auto exhaust, gases, etc on the respiratory airways of healthy, non-smoking bus drivers in the age group of 20-55 years, by measuring their peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) values.
One hundred healthy, non-smoking bus drivers in the age group of 20 years to 55 years were selected randomly from a bus stand of the PRTC (Punjab Road Transport Corporation) in Patiala district.
ArticleSubjects with a prior history of reactive airways or bronchodilator intake were excluded. One hundred healthy, non-smoking persons in the age group of 20 years to 55 years, who were engaged in professions other than bus driving, were selected and they were taken as the control subjects. Both the study and the control subjects were divided into subgroups according to their age, height, weight, body surface area and the duration of exposure of the pollutants. Their PEFR was recorded by using a MINI WRIGHT PEAK FLOW METER and their values were compared with those of the control group.
MINI WRIGHT PEAK FLOW METER
A relatively simple, inexpensive and easily portable instrument called a MINI WRIGHT PEAK FLOW METER was used for this study.
According to age, height, weight and body surface area divided in different groups, the mean PEFR of the bus drivers was found to be less than that of the control subjects (Table/Fig 1) and (Table/Fig 2) in each group and the results were found to be statisticallyhighly significant. This decrease of the PEFR in the bus drivers was probably due to their continuous occupational exposure to pollutants, which may have caused an adverse effect on their respiratory functions.
The PEFR is an effort dependent parameter which emerges from the large airways within about 100-120 ms of the start of the forced expiration (4). It remains at its peak for about 10 ms (5). The PEFR is helpful in evaluating the extent and the rate of progression of the disease process (Shah and Mehta, 1961) (6). The present study was undertaken to establish the effect of pollutants in the form of auto-exhaust, etc on the respiratory airways of bus drivers by measuring their PEFR values. The comparison of the PEFR in the study and control subjects was done by using the data which was collected. Also, the influence of age, height, weight, body surface area and the duration of exposure of the pollutants on the PEFR of bus drivers were studied. PEFR and Age: The present study revealed that the mean PEFR in the study subjects had decreased with an increase in age. The results were in accordance with those of a study which was done by Rao et al. 1992 (7). When the mean PEFR of the study subjects was compared with that of the control subjects according to the three age groups, the mean PEFR of the study subjects was found to be less than that of the control subjects in each group and the results were found to be statistically highly significant. (Table/Fig 3) and (Table/Fig 4).
PEFR and Height: This study showed that there was an increase in the PEFR of the study subjects with an increase in height. These results were co-related with those of a study which was done by Dikshit et al. 2005 (8). When the mean PEFR of the study subjects was compared with that of the control subjects according to the three height intervals, the mean PEFR of the study subjects was found to be less than that of the control subjects in each interval and the results were found to be statistically highly significant. (Table/Fig 5) and (Table/Fig 6).
PEFR and Weight: This study showed that there was an increase in the PEFR of the study subjects with an increase in weight till the weight of 78 kg, after which there was a slight decline in the PEFR value. The results were in accordance with those of a study which was done by Singh and Peri (9). When the mean PEFR of the study subjects was compared with that of the control subjects according to the three weight groups, the mean PEFR of the study subjects was found to be less than that of the control subjects in each group and the results were found to be statistically highly significant. (Table/Fig 7) and (Table/Fig 8).
PEFR and Body Surface Area: This showed that there was an increase in the PEFR of the study subjects with an increase in the body surface area. The results were co-related with those of a study which was done by Sherif et al.1989 (10). When the mean PEFR of the study subjects was compared with that of the control subjects178according to the three body surface area groups, the mean PEFR of the study subjects was found to be less than that of the control subjects in each group and the results were found to be statistically highly significant. (Table/Fig 9) and (Table/Fig 10).
PEFR and the Duration of Exposure: The present study revealed that the mean PEFR in the study subjects had decreased with an increase in the duration of exposure to the pollutants. The results were similar to those of a study which was done by Chattopadhyay et al. 2003 (11). Statistically highly significant differences are seen on comparing group I with group II (t = 6.72) (p < 0.005), group I with group III (t = 9.41) (p < 0.005), and group II with group III (t = 4.94) (p < 0.005) (Table/Fig 11) and (Table/Fig 12). Our observation only gives information about a limited aspect of the pulmonary functions viz PEFR. A detailed assessment of the pulmonary functions including lung volumes and diffusion studies would provide a better insight into the suggested relationship.
According to age, height, weight and body surface area which were divided in the different groups, the mean PEFR of the bus drivers was found to be less than that of the control subjects in each group and the results were found to be statistically highly significant. This decrease of the PEFR in the bus drivers was probably due to theircontinuous occupational exposure to pollutants, which may have caused an adverse effect on their respiratory functions. There are many ways to reduce and prevent the ill effects of the pollutant exposure that is likely to occur at workplaces- regular respiratorycheckups, regular check up of the buses and the use of air conditioned buses and personal protective equipment.
DOI: JCDR/3940:1997
Financial OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS:
None.
Date Of Submission: Sep 11, 2011
Date Of Peer Review: Jan 06, 2012
Date Of Acceptance: Jan 13, 2012
Date Of Publishing: Apr 15, 2012
- Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
- Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
- Academic Search Complete Database
- Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
- Embase
- EBSCOhost
- Google Scholar
- HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
- Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
- Journal seek Database
- Popline (reproductive health literature)
- www.omnimedicalsearch.com