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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
A Study of Distribution of Hair on the Phalanges of the Hand in Andhra Pradesh, India
Correspondence Address :
Muralidhar Reddy Sangam MD,
Associate Professor of Anatomy,
NRI Medical College, Chinakakani, Guntur District,
Andhra Pradesh, India. PIN – 522 503.
Phone: 08645 – 236 777, Fax: 234577, 237404.
Mobile: 9440668501
E-mail: murali_sangam@yahoo.co.in
Introduction: The aim of the study was to observe the pattern of hair distribution on the phalanges of the hand in Andhra Pradesh by using a sample population.
Materials and Methods: 700 individuals who were aged between 18-35 years were randomly selected for the study. The pattern and the frequency of the hair distribution on the proximal, middle and the distal phalanges were studied. The observations were categorized into the gender and phalangeal hair patterns.
Observations: The results showed that the proximal phalangeal hair was present in 99.14% males and 98% females. The most common pattern of the hair distribution on the proximal phalanges was 1-2-3-4-5. The middle phalageal hair was present in 46% males and in 38.85% females. The most common pattern of the hair on the middle phalanges was 3-4. Hair was absent on the distal phalanges.
Conclusion: This study has anthropological significance in dividing the race, nationalism and the sex. Hence, it has a medico legal importance too.
Hair distribution, Phalanges, Anthropological
Introduction
The study of the distribution of hair is of anthropological interest. Hair is commonly present on the dorsal surface of the phalanges of the hand. But the distribution of hair on the phalanges of the hand shows wide variations in relation to the ethnic groups, race and nationality. The hair variants are genetically determined. Onyije et al (1) described that the presence of hair on the greater number of the fingers was a dominant feature over the presence of hair on the lesser number of the fingers and that this trait followed the Mendelian law in its mode of inheritance. Dutta (2) stated that the complete absence of the phalangeal hair was a recessive trait. The distribution of hair on the phalanges is influenced by certain factors such as genes and the environment, as was described by Williams et al (3). Bernstein and Burks (4) stated that the distribution of the phalangeal hair was governed by a set of five alleles which had an increasing dominance in the phantasies, A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4. The subscripts corresponded to the number of fingers which the alleles caused to be affected. Thus, a person without phalangeal hair would be known as having an A0 phenotype, having A0A0 genotype.
The first study on the distribution of the phalangeal hair on the hands was carried out by Danforth (5). Since then, many investigators have studied the distribution of the phalangeal hair to establish the racial differences - Saldanha and Guinsburg (6); Dutta (7); Brothwell and Mollenson (8); Tiwari and Bhasin (9); Singh (10); Hatiboglu (11); Vona and Porcella (12); Mbajiorgu (13); Olabiyi (14); and Onyije (15). The literature has revealed that there was little or no data which was available on the distribution of hair on the phalanges of the hand in the south Indian population, particularly in Andhra Pradesh. So, the present study was taken up, to evaluate the different patterns in the distribution of the phalangeal hair in Andhra Pradesh.
This study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, NRI Medical College, Chinakakani, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India, from January 2011 to June 2011. 700 subjects who were aged between 16–35 years were randomly selected for the study. Of the 700, 350 were males and 350 were females. All the subjects were natives of Andhra Pradesh. Individuals with skin diseases or hand injuries were excluded from the study. The observations were made in the day light by using a hand lens. The name, age and sex of each subject were noted. The presence or absence of hair over each phalanx of both the hands was recorded. The data was analyzed statistically.
Observatioations
The hair distribution over the proximal phalanges of the hands is shown in (Table/Fig 1). Hair was present over the proximal phalanges in 99.1% males and 98% females. The common pattern of the proximal phalangeal hair was 1-2-3-4-5 [53.5%] and the least common patterns were 2-3 [0.07%] and 3 [0.07%]. In both the sexes, the common pattern of the proximal phalangeal hair was1-2-3-4-5. But the frequency of the distribution was slightly less in females [50.7%] as compared to the males [56.4%]. At the same time, the 2-3-4-5 pattern was more frequent in females [42.7%] as compared to the males [39.1%]. The patterns, 3 and 3-4 were not observed in males. The pattern, 2-3 was not observed in females. (Table/Fig 2) shows the comparative distribution of the proximal phalangeal hair over the right and left hands. (Table/Fig 3) shows the distribution of the hair over the middle phalanges of the hand. The middle phalangeal hair was absent in 57.2% individuals [53.7% males and 60.8% females]. The most common pattern of the middle phalangeal hair was 3-4 [14.6%], followed by 4 [12.2%]. The least common patterns were 2-3-4, 3-5 and 5. The patterns, 3-4-5 and 2-3-4-5 were more frequent in males [12%, 6.4%] as compared to those in the females [7%,1.7%] respectively. The pattern, 2-3-4 was not observed in males. (Table/Fig 4) shows the comparative distribution of the middle phalangeal hair over the right and left hands. The presence of hair over the distal phalanges was not observed.
Previous studies have revealed that most individuals tended to have hair on their proximal phalanges, but not on their distal phalanges. In the present study, a high percentage of hair distribution was observed on the proximal phalanges [99.1% males and 98% females]. This finding was consistent with those of variousprevious studies. The comparative distribution of the proximal phalangeal hair in different populations is shown in (Table/Fig 5). In the present study, the order of the frequency of the presence or absence of the proximal phalangeal hair was 3>4>5>2>1. This observation was similar to the observations of Jung (15) and Nasir (16). The comparison of the combination of the fingers with the proximal phalangeal hair is shown in (Table/Fig 6). The common pattern of the proximal phalangeal hair in the present study was 1-2-3-4-5 [53.5%], followed by 2-3-4-5 [40.9%]. This observation was similar to the findings of Hatiboglu (11), but it differed from that of Onyije (1). In the present study, there was no significant difference in the distribution of the proximal phalangeal hair on the right and left hands.
In the present study, the middle phalangeal hair was absent in 57.2% individuals [53.7% males and 60.8% females]. This observation was consistent with the observations of Dutta (7), Parmer (17), Tiwari and Bhasin (9) and Hatiboglu (11). (Table/Fig 7) shows the comparison of the middle phalangeal hair in different populations. The order of frequency of the presence or absence of the middle phalangeal hair in the present study was 4>3>5>2. This observation was similar to the observations of previous studies which were done in different populations. The observations of the present study with respect to the distribution of the middle phalangeal hair was similar to those which were observed in the populations of Tibet, Bengal (India) and Turkey, which belonged toAsia. The frequency of the presence of the middle phalangeal hair was lowest in the African race, it was highest in the white race and and it was intermediate in the Asian and other races. In the present study, the common pattern of the middle phalangeal hair was 3-4 [14.6%], followed by 4 [12.2%] and 3-4-5 [9.5%]. This observation was similar to the observation of Hatiboglu (11), but it differed from the findings of Mbajiorgu (13), who stated that the 3-4-5 pattern was more common. In the present study, the 3-4-5 and the 2-3-4-5 patterns of the middle phalangeal hair was more frequent in males [12% and 6.4%] as compared to those in females [7% and 1.7%]. The 3-4 pattern was more frequent in females. These findings were consistent with those of Hatiboglu (11). There was no significant difference in the distribution of the middle phalangeal hair over the right and left hands in the present study. The presence of hair on the distal phalanges was not observed in any population, including the population of the present study.
The distribution of hair on the phalanges was investigated in Andhra Pradesh, India, among 700 individuals [350 males and 350 females]. Hair was present over the proximal phalanges in 99.1% males and 98% females, with a common pattern of 1-2-3-4-5. The middle phalangeal hair was present in 46.3% males and 39.2% females, with a common pattern of 3-4. Hair was not observed over the distal phalanges. Such studies may be useful because of their anthropological significance in deciding the race, nationalism and the sex. Hence, it has medico legal importance too.
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