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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Reviews
Full Version
Nanotechnology-Its Application in Oral Cancer
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Abhinav Jha,
Post graduate student, Department of Oral Pathology and
Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College& Hospital, Bharath
University, Chennai-600100, Tamil Nadu, India.
Phone: +919884173600
E-mail: Abhinav3168@gmail.com
Nanotechnology has the potential to provide treatment modalities to fight cancer. Nano-materials have physical, electrical and optical properties, which can be utilized for the sensing and detection of cancer at the earliest that provide a greater survival possibility. In the 21st century, several treatment modalities are been widely accepted for the treatment of cancer, among which nanotechnology is the recent one. Nanotechnology has been found to be very effective in the detection, recurrence and the spread of oral cancer after the initial treatment. Two recent techniques, namely, the bio-active immune stimulation and the attacking integrin expressing vasculature which uses nano particles are in the research phases.
Bioactive Immune Stimulation, Nano- Particles attacking integrin expressing Vasculature.
Introduction
Oral cancer is any cancerous tissue growth which is present in the oral cavity. It mostly involves the tongue . It appears as skin lesions, lumps or ulcers. Tobacco, alcohol, genetic factors , the human papilloma virus and the consumption of spicy food are some of the main aetiological factors which are responsible for oral cancer. The treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Nanotechnology is a science which is used to manipulate the atoms and the molecules which lead to the production of structures in the nano-meter size, which range from 100nm or even smaller, which attain their unique properties.(Table/Fig 1). The processes of the living organisms occur at a nano-meter scale, and the important biological units like the DNA proteins and the cell membranes are of this dimension (1). The nano particles which are used as drug delivery vehicles are generally <100nm in size and they consist of different bio-degradable materials such as natural or synthetic polymers, lipids or metals. The nano particles which are under extensive research to determine the roles that they can play in cancer detection and treatment, include quantum dots, nano shells and dendrimers. The quantum dots are nano- sized semiconductors that can emit light in all colours. The examples are semiconductor nano-crystals and core- shell nano-crystals. They are applied, particularly in cancer imaging studies. Dendrimers: The first dendritic molecule was discovered in around 1980.They are branched structures which are widely used in nano-medicine because of the multiple molecular hooks on their surfaces. The nano- shells are different types of spherical nano particles which consist of di-electric cores which are covered by thin metallic shells. They are used in cancer therapy and in bio- imaging enhancement.
Review
The nano particles are under research to develop a host of biomedical and biotechnological applications which include drug delivery, enzyme immobilization and DNA transfection (infection by transformation). For the past few years, quantum dots (QDs) have been an area of intense research. They have unique physical properties and they can be exploited for the detection of cancerous tumours. Quantum dots have enough surface area to combine therapeutic agents and tumour specific modalities for the combined results of drug delivery, imaging and tissue engineering (2). The advantages of quantum dots are that they have a single light source and that different sizes of quantum dots preserve the narrow emission of each particle (3). Recently, quantum dots are being used for near infra-red (NIR) imaging (700–1000 nm wavelength range) as imaging probes (4). The most widely used nano particles are super-magnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nano particles. The recent toxicity studies on magnetic nano particles have proved their safety in the clinical use (5). Nanotechnology has made a deep impact in solving the problems which are associated with the conventional anticancer drugs, because they can be made into very safe and injectable formulations. Doxill and Abraxane are two major nano-formulated drugs which are currently available in the market, which have made a major impact worldwide. The nano particles which are being most widely used for cancer treatment are the poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)-based nano particles. The synthesis of an oral formulation of paclitaxel by using PLGA/montmorillonite PLGA/MMT) nano particles has been found to be of great use.6 Dendrimers are a unique group of nano particles which are highly suitable for an effective drug delivery, particularly in the cancer treatment. Biomarkers can be proteins or pieces of proteins or DNA or RNA-based biomarkers, specifically the cancer biomarkers, which indicate and detect cancers. The gold nano particles have a size-tuned optical property which helps in absorbing and scattering light from the visible to the near infra-red region (7). Various other nano particles are getting investigated for cancer biomarker detection (Table/Fig 3). The metallic, magnetic and silica nano particles are already under research due to their unique properties. The encapsulated phase change nano particles have been proved to be multiplexed, highly sensitive, cancer biomarker detection agents (8).Recently, studies were done by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer nano particles, to monitor the cancer cells9. Magnetic nano particles are widely used in cancer cell imaging. After the discovery of fullerene, carbon nano tubes (CNTs) were re- discovered in 1991 by Iijima (10). These semiconducting CNT biomolecules are adsorbed on the cell walls, thus causing changes in the local electrostatic environment. Hence, they are used as biomarkers widely by the medical fraternity. A multifunctional dendrimer-modified multi walled carbon nano tube (MWNT) has been recently developed, which has further increased their usefulness as biomarkers. Various nano wires are being applied in biomarker detection, which include silicon nano wires (11). The silicon nano wires (SiNW) are semiconducting nano wires that have 2excellent physical, optical and electronic properties and an excellent biocompatibility (12). The functionalized gold nano wires enhance the sensitivity and the selectivity for cancer biomarker detection, by providing a high surface-to-volume ratio. Nano pores, both the synthetic, and the protein-based types, are of great interest to many researchers for detecting biomolecules.
This review summarizes the recent developments in the cancer detection and therapy methods which use nanotechnology. The development of various nano-materials and nanotechnology has enabled the detection of cancer biomarkers with great precision and accuracy .The dentists, in future, will ask the patients to rinse with a solution which contains millions of microscopic elements which are called nano assemblers, which will reveal the presence of oral cancer, even in its incipient stages. One scenario some scientists’ project is that efficient cancer nano medicine may completely eradicate cancer, the second commonest cause of death and hence cause an increase in the population (13). Doxill is a doxorubicin HCL liposome injection which is used as an intravenous infusion. It is primarily used in the treatment of ovarian cancer. The possible side – effects include allergic reactions, congestive heart failure, decreased bone marrow functions and blood related diseases. Currently, it is not used as a treatment and it is not available in the market also. Abraxane is an anti- cancer chemo- therapeutic drug. It is used for treating breast cancer after chemotherapy has failed. The side- effects include weakness, fatique, low blood counts, nausea, hair loss, vomiting, infections, etc. The 2 most common chemotherapeutic drugs which are used in oral cancer are cisplatin and 5 flurouracil. The less commonly used drugs include carboplatin, bleomycin, methotrexate, etc. The 3 new drugs which are under trial for the treatment of oral cancer are doxetaxel, paclitaxel and gemcitabine.
ID: JCDR/2012/4654:2440
Financial OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS:
None.
Date of Submission: Jun 17, 2012
Date of Peer Review: Jul 17, 2012
Date of Acceptance: Jul 24, 2012
Date of Publishing: Sep 30, 2012
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