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"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



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Lucknow
On Sep 2018




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On Aug 2018




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"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
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Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


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Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
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In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
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Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2021 | Month : August | Volume : 15 | Issue : 8 | Page : VC10 - VC13 Full Version

Impact of Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Stress Levels of Exam Going MBBS Students of a Medical College in South Gujarat, India


Published: August 1, 2021 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2021/48607.15269
Devashish Palkar, Sanjibani Panigrahi, Pooja Shatadal, Ritambhara Mehta

1. Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India. 3. Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India. 4. Professor and Head, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Devashish Rajesh Palkar,
OPD-13, New Civil Hospital, Near Majuragate, Surat-395001, Gujarat, India.
E-mail: devashishpsychiatrist@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Academic examinations are a very stressful event for an Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) student. While many students learn to deal with it through the use of helpful or unhelpful coping skills, many still end up with considerable psychological morbidity in the form of anxiety and depression along with deterioration in overall health. Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation (JPMR) causes deep muscle relaxation.

Aim: To find out the prevalence of stress and exam anxiety in students of 1st year MBBS and to study the impact of JPMR.

Materials and Methods: It was a quasi-experimental, pretest and post-test interventional study conducted amongst the first year MBBS students studying at the Government Medical College Surat, Gujarat, India, during March to May 2019. Two months before their internal exams, 114 1st year MBBS students were recruited for the study. They were given a pretest proforma which comprised of socio-demographic profile, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 28. They were asked to attend JPMR sessions over the following month in batches of 30 each and asked to practise JPMR for one month leading up to their exams. Total 43 students attended these sessions while 71 did not. After one month, all 114 students were again given a post-test proforma comprising of the same scales. Paired t-test was applied to compare the pretest and post-test scores to see the impact of JPMR.

Results: The mean age of participants was 19 years.The students who completed their schooling in Gujarati medium and those who reported to be staying at hostel experienced significantly more TAS scores at baseline evaluation as compared to their counterparts from English medium schools and those staying at home respectively. There was a statistically significant reduction in mean scores of PSS and TAS before and after practice of JPMR in the 43 students who attended and practiced JPMR (p-value=0.005 and p-value=0.002, respectively; p-value <0.05 was considered to be significant).

Conclusion: One month practice of JPMR was found to be effective in reduction of stress and exam anxiety.

Keywords

Exam anxiety, Medical students, Perceived stress, Psychological morbidity

Stress is an adaptive response to noxious stimulus causing disturbance in normal functioning (1). Academic examination stress is an inevitable feature of student’s life where periodic exam acts as an acute stressor. Students with test anxiety feel worried in evaluative situations. Research relating test anxiety to academic performance has established that high levels of test anxiety are associated with lower levels of students’ learning and performance. The causes of test anxiety are found to be related to cognitive activities, or ‘self-talk’, that the students with high test anxiety performed while preparing for important exams (2). This self-talk is found to be focused on the perception of the ‘high stakes’ of exams; prior academic performance and how students perceived this to influence new exam taking; perceived time constraints for study; and academic comparison with peers.

During exams, students are exposed to the immediate stress of exam and also to the anxiety about the fear of failure or low score due to high level of competition (2). Exam stress is quite predominant among medical students. Various studies have reported the prevalence of perceived stress ranging from 27-73% among medical students (3),(4),(5). Test anxiety is a prevalent and debilitating condition. Researchers have estimated that 10 million students at pre college levels and 15% of college students experience test anxiety worldwide (6). The primary detrimental consequence of test anxiety is that it decreases performance and leads to consistent misinterpretation of intelligence, aptitude and progress of test anxious student (7).

Progressive muscle relaxation is a technique developed by physician Edmund Jacobson in the 1920’s (8). According to Jacobson’s theory, anxiety and stress lead to muscle tension which in turn increases feeling of anxiety. He proposed that when the body is in a relaxed state, there is little muscle tension which leads to decreased anxiety. In his own words, “when one’s body is relaxed; one’s mind cannot be in a state of angst” (8).

Jacobson’s progressive relaxation technique involves contracting and relaxing the muscles to make one feel calmer and helps relieve the symptoms of stress. Although, the cause of the anxiety will not disappear, one will probably feel more capable to deal with it once the tension in the body is released (9). Relaxation reduces pain or pain perception and tension, creates a pleasant mental state, reduces anticipatory anxiety in response to stress, increases parasympathetic activities, increases knowledge concerning muscle tension and autonomous stimuli, improves concentration, increases the feeling of control, improves the ability to block inner talk, energises and improves sleep, decreases the cardiac index, lowers blood pressure, warms or cools body parts, enhances performance of physical activities which improves quality of life of those who practice it (10).

A study conducted on 70 nursing students in India and 218 nursing students abroad have shown the effectiveness of JPMR in reducing anxiety and stress levels (11),(12). However studies about impact of JPMR on MBBS students are lacking which inspired us to take up this challenge. Students in all years of MBBS in India experience mild to moderate levels of stress which makes stress management strategies like JPMR imperative (13). Since, first year MBBS students are new to the setup, they can be trained in stress management and relaxation early. It can be useful to them in the later years of their medical education which is a stressful journey of one major exam after another.

With this in mind, it was aimed to study the impact of regular practice of JPMR on stress levels of exam going 1st year MBBS students of Medical college of South Gujarat. If found effective, it can be used to help young MBBS students cope better in future and avoid late and emergency interventions.

Material and Methods

It was a Quasi-experimental, pretest and post-test interventional study conducted amongst the first year MBBS students studying at the Government Medical College Surat, Gujarat, India, during March to May 2019. The approval for the same was sought from the Institutional Ethics Committee (Letter no- GMCS/STU/ETHICS/Approval/4775119, dated 15/2/2019).

Inclusion and Exclusion criteria: Out of 250 students of the 1st year MBBS batch of 2018-2019, 114 students gave the consent for participating in this study and filled up the pretest proforma. Those students who did not give consent were excluded from the study.

Scales Administered

The pretest proforma included General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 28 (14), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (15), and Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) (16).

a). Perceived stress scale

The PSS comprises of 10 items measured on a five point Likert scale (0: never, 1: almost never 2: sometimes 3: fairly often 4: very often). The PSS construct demonstrates a two factor structure; the first being “general stressors” and the second being “the ability to cope”. The PSS score is obtained by summing the scores of all the items, with reverse coding for items 4, 5, 7, and 8 as they are positively stated. The PSS score ranges from 0 to 40, with the 40 point score representing the highest perceived stress level. The PSS determines the degree of stress experienced by the participant however it is not a diagnostic scale for anxiety or stress related disorders (15).

b) General health questionnaire 28 item scale version

The GHQ is a screening device for identifying minor psychiatric disorders in the general population. It is a 28 item scaled version- assesses somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. The GHQ-28 uses a 4-point scale indicating the following frequencies of experience: “not at all”, “no more than usual”, “rather more than usual” and “much more than usual”. The minimum score can be 0, and the maximum is 84.

c). Test anxiety scale

Test anexiety scale has 35 True/False questions regarding common situations faced by students during an examination. The total number of “True” checks is their TAS. A score of 11 or below on TAS ranks in the low test anxiety range (16). A score of 12 to 20 ranks in the medium range. Any score above 20 signifies high test anxiety (16).

The students were then grouped into batches of 30 students each as per their roll numbers. Two months before their internal exam, one batch at a time, they were called to seminar hall of Psychiatry Outpatient Department (OPD) in the evening and taught JPMR by way of live demonstration of the session using standard JPMR script (17). Three such successive sessions lasting 45 minutes were given to the students. Total 43 out of 114 students voluntarily attended these sessions while 71 students chose not to attend. These 43 students were asked to practice this relaxation exercise for the remainder of the days at least once in a day, leading up to their internal exams.

One month after teaching JPMR, i.e., before one month of their internal exam, all 114 students who had filled the pretest proforma were asked to fill the corresponding post-test proforma comprising of the same scales. Those 43 students who attended and practised JPMR were considered as intervention group and rest 71 students were considered as control group.

Statistical Analysis

The data obtained was entered in Microsoft Excel and statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-14) software. Paired t-test was used to measure the significance between pretest and post-test mean scores of PSS, GHQ-28 and TAS.

Results

The demographic parameters of the 114 participants who signed the consent form and filled the baseline proforma are as mentioned in (Table/Fig 1).The mean age of participants was 19 years.

The students who completed their schooling in Gujarati medium and those who reported to be staying at hostel experienced significantly more TAS scores at baseline evaluation as compared to their counterparts from English medium schools and those staying at home respectively (Table/Fig 2).

After one month of practising JPMR, 43 students of the intervention group experienced statistically significant reduction in both PSS and TAS (p-value=0.005 and p-value=0.002, respectively; p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant) than that recorded at baseline. There was no clinically significant difference in GHQ Scores. Also, there was no statistically clinically significant difference in the baseline and follow-up mean scores of the 71 students who did not practice JPMR (Table/Fig 3).

Discussion

The JPMR Technique is often overlooked despite it being a viable treatment option especially in mild to moderate cases of stress and anxiety, where prescribing antidepressant medicines can lead to undesirable side effects (11),(18). When progressive muscle relaxation is practiced and incorporated into daily routine, it helps to alleviate negative emotional states and helps to better cope with the daily hassles of academic life (12). The present study was aimed at finding whether JPMR had any impact on the stress and anxiety levels of the first year MBBS students who were due to appear for their exams. The results showed that JPMR was effective in reducing the test anxiety and PSS scores after regularly practising it for one month.

Many previous studies on students have yielded support to the beneficial role of JPMR in reducing stress and anxiety. The study conducted by Nair PP and Meera DK among secondary school students revealed that progressive muscle relaxation is an effective intervention in reducing the academic stress in the classroom situation (19). A similar study evaluated the academic stress among the adolescents in selected schools of Mangaluru, Karnataka (20), wherein there was significant reduction of stress and anxiety in the intervention group which was taught JPMR. Also, these findings are in line with a study conducted on first year medical students studying in an urban tertiary general hospital at Mumbai (21) wherein there was significant reduction in stress levels in a group of students who were taught JPMR. In another study, nursing students reported decreased stress levels after 10 days of regular practise of JPMR (11). JPMR was also found to be effective in reducing the social anxiety in a study on a group of high school students of Udupi district, Karnataka (22). Study conducted by Zargarzadeh M and Shirazi M among nursing students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences found that performing progressive muscle relaxation method was effective in reducing test anxiety among nursing students (23).

The uses of JPMR are not restricted to student population alone. It has also been found beneficial in diverse clinical population and myriad other conditions like reduction in the intensity of myofascial pain in patients of temporomandibular joint disorders as well as in minimising the anxiety and depression related symptoms in hospitalised patients of leprosy and also in patients of HIV (24),(25),(26).

In summary, JPMR is effective to reduce the impact of stress which is essential for the overall wellbeing of the person (12). Also, it is easy to learn and practice, does not require trained professional or any equipment to facilitate the training (25). It is therefore the need of the hour that educational institutions take necessary actions to include such relaxation exercises in the curriculum.

The current study for the first time offered MBBS students of the institute a chance to learn an important stress reduction technique of JPMR. There are very few studies of the use of JPMR in MBBS students in India which makes this study unique in itself.

Limitation(s)

The sample size was limited as the study was restricted to only one batch of MBBS students at one college. All the tools used in the study were self report screening instruments and cannot be used for diagnostic purpose.

Conclusion

The results of the present study revealed the effect of one month practice of JPMR on reduction of perceived stress and test anxiety in first year MBBS exam going students. Programs at medical colleges need to address stress management and support needs of students which can reduce the perceived stress, test anxiety and improve academic performance. Future studies are needed in this regard.

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Chowdhury R, Mukherjee A, Mitra K, Naskar S, Karmakar PR, Lahiri SK. Perceived psychological stress among undergraduate medical students: Role of academic factors. Indian J Public Health. 2017;61(1):55-57. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Kenneth D, Diener D. Effectiveness of cognitive/relaxation therapy and study-skills training in reducing self-reported anxiety and improving the academic performance of test-anxious students. J Couns Psychol. 1986;33(2):131-35. [crossref]
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DOI and Others

10.7860/JCDR/2021/48607.15269

Date of Submission: Jan 25, 2021
Date of Peer Review: Mar 31, 2021
Date of Acceptance: Jul 08, 2021
Date of Publishing: Aug 01, 2021

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jan 27, 2021
• Manual Googling: Jul 07, 2021
• iThenticate Software: Jul 31, 2021 (17%)

ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin

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