Article in PDF
How to Cite
Citation Manager
Readers' Comments (0)
Audio Visual Article Statistics
Link
to PUBMED
Print this Article
Send to a Friend
Advertisers
Access Statistics Resources
Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Effect of Short Term Resistance and Endurance Exercise Training on Resting Heart Rate and Inflammatory Marker in Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Study
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Neena Srivastava†,
Professor, Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
E-mail: drshivambishnoi91@gmail.com
Introduction: In a normal healthy adult, sympathetic and parasympathetic system should be in synergy. Measuring resting heart rate is a one of the methods to assess health condition. It can be affected by different factors such as exercise, mental health, any disease, etc. Normal subjects with reduced heart rate are associated with better cardiovascular health. Physical inactivity is associated with high level of inflammatory markers. Increased inflammatory markers are related to inflammation and chronic diseases. The C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a biomarker of inflammatory diseases. High CRP level is a potent risk factor for obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, etc.
Aim: To study the effect of short term resistance and endurance exercise training on resting heart rate in healthy young adults, CRP, Body Mass Index (BMI) and also to compare the changes between two exercise groups.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2019 to May 2020 in the Department of Physiology at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study included 60 healthy young adults with normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and age between 18-25 years. Subjects were equally divided into Group I- Resistance exercise and Group II endurance groups. Subjects did moderate intensity exercise (based on maximum heart rate) for five days in a week for eight weeks. Endurance group did jogging. Resistance group did push-up, pull-up and squats. Target heart rate during moderate intensity of activities was 64-76% of maximum heart rate. Heart rate measurement was done before the start of exercise and after five to seven minutes of exercise when it reached 64-76% of maximum heart rate. It was measured by pulse oximeter. Follow-up was done after eight weeks of exercise training in both the groups. Evaluation was done by comparing resting heart rate and CRP level before the start of training and after the completion of training programme. Statistical analysis was done using student t-test and paired t-test.
Results: Mean age of subjects of group I was found to be higher (19.98±1.26 years) as compared to group II (19.97±0.98 years). Mean pre intervention BMI of both the groups was found to be similar (21.97±1.78 kg/m2). No statistically significant change in resting heart rate was found in both resistance group (p=0.096) and endurance group (p=0.326) after exercise training. Statistically significant increase in CRP was found in resistance group (p<0.001) and endurance group (p<0.001). The increment in CRP was more in endurance group (55.04%) than resistance group (35.34%).
Conclusion: Short duration of exercises increase inflammation but no significant effect on resting heart rate was seen.
Body fat composition, Body mass index, Diabetes, Mortality, Obesity
Increased CRP level is related to chronic inflammation and high BMI (1),(2). Increased CRP is related to insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and colorectal, esophageal cancers etc., (3),(4),(5). High level of CRP is associated with metabolic syndromes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (6),(7),(8). The chronic inflammation leads to atherosclerosis (9). Short term resistance and endurance training reduces CRP level (10).
Resting heart rate is related to function of left ventricle and psychosocial factors (11),(12). Heart rate is affected by different factors such as exercise, mental health, smoking, gender (13). An increased heart rate is associated with metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular mortality (14),(15). High resting heart rate is associated with hypertension and diabetes (16),(17). Short term exercise reduces resting heart rate (18).
If the exercise is done for short period, initially body takes some time to adopt to that and there is release of some inflammatory markers to combat to that sudden change, but after some time body starts responding positively and levels of inflammatory markers start reducing (19). Studies have been performed previously but mostly in diseased conditions (20),(21). Most of the studies (19),(20),(21) regarding exercise have been done in western countries including western population but present study includes Indian population. It also includes apparently healthy subjects while most of the other studies include diseased subjects.
Every exercise has different response, so hypothesising this present study was planned with an aim to compare the effect of short term resistance and endurance exercise trainings on resting heart rate, CRP and Body Mass Index (BMI) in both the exercise groups.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2019 to May 2020 in the Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Ethical approval was taken by the Institutional Ethical Committee (Reference code: 96th ECM II B-Thesis/P41). A written informed consent was taken by subjects. Subjects were selected from students studying at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Subjects were recruited after taking detailed history and considering strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were equally divided into resistance group (Group I) and endurance group (Group II).
Sample size calculation: Using BMI between resistance and endurance group, μ1=30.32, μ2=31.47 (22)
(Z1-α)-Value of two tailed α 95% confounding level=1.96
(Z1-β)-Value of β error for 80% power=0.84
Putting all values in above formula; (n=27) subjects in each group was required but we consider 30 subjects in each groups so the total sample size of 60 was considered.
Inclusion criteria: Apparently healthy young male adults with age 18-25 years, normal BMI- 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, no history of any medication and without any acute or chronic illness such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Tuberculosis (TB), bronchitis, endocrinal disorders were included.
Exclusion criteria: Subjects with age <18 or >25 years, BMI <18.5 or >24.9 kg/m2, doing regular gym, sports persons, athletes, history of the drug intake, alcohol, tobacco or caffeine abuse, having any acute or chronic illness were excluded.
Females were not selected in the study because hormone fluctuation during the female menstrual cycle can affect the regularity of training programme.
Exercise Training Protocol
Subjects did moderate intensity exercise (based on maximum heart rate) for five days in a week for eight weeks.
• Resistance exercise group (Group I) did push-ups, pull-ups and squats for 30 minutes. Two sets of ten push-ups, ten pull-ups and ten squats, each lasting for 15 minutes.
• Endurance exercise group (Group II) did jogging for 30 minutes. Two sets of jogging, each lasting for 15 minutes.
Target heart rate during moderate intensity of activities was 64-76% of maximum heart rate (23). Maximum heart rate is calculated by substracting the present age (in years) from 220 (24).
Heart rate measurement was done before the start of exercise and after five to seven minutes of exercise when it reached 64-76% of maximum heart rate. It was measured by pulse oximeter (AccuSure, model no- FS10E). Follow-up was done after eight weeks of exercise training in both the groups. Evaluation was done by comparing resting heart rate and CRP level before the start of training and after the completion of training programme. CRP level assessment was done twice before and after completion of exercise training programme in both groups with the help of Hs-CRP ELISA kit in Pathology Department, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. (Enzyme Immunosorbent assay test kit catalog No. 10603).
Statistical Analysis
The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. All the quantitative variables (resting heart rate, CRP, age, BMI) were mentioned inform of Mean±SD. All the qualitative variables were mentioned in form of frequency (%). Resting heart rate and CRP were taken as dependent variables and type of exercise (resistance and endurance) was taken as independent variable. The data was analysed using Student t-test and Paired t-test. Student t-test was used for comparing resting heart rate and CRP level between groups. Paired t-test was used for intragroup comparison of resting heart rate and CRP level. The p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Mean age of subjects of group I was found to be higher (19.98±1.26 years) as compared to group II (19.97±0.98 years). Mean BMI of both the groups was found to be similar (21.97±1.78 kg/m2) (Table/Fig 1). Mean resting heart rate of subjects of group I was found to be higher as compared to group II at pre intervention (75.73±1.26 vs 75.73±1.70 beats/min) as well as at post intervention (75.57±1.70 vs. 75.50±1.68 beats/min). Differences in resting heart rate of above two groups were not found to be significant either at pre intervention (p-value=0.606) or at postintervention (p-value=0.857) (Table/Fig 2). In both the groups decline in pre intervention resting heart rate was observed after intervention though it was statistically insignificant. In group I, a decline of 0.17±0.53 beats/min and in group II, a decline of 0.03±0.18 beats/min in pre intervention heart rate was observed. This change was found to be statistically insignificant in both resistance group (p-value=0.096) and endurance group (p-value=0.326). In group I percent post intervention change in heart rate was higher (0.22%) as compared to group II (0.04%) (Table/Fig 3).
Pre intervention CRP levels of group I (1.00±0.43 mg/L) was found to be higher as compared to group II (0.98±0.37 mg/L) while post intervention CRP levels of group II (1.52±0.48 mg/L) was found to be higher than that of group I (1.35±0.38 mg/L). Differences in CRP level of above two groups were not found to be significant either at pre intervention (p-value=0.847) or at post intervention (p-value=0.144) (Table/Fig 4). After intervention statistically significant increment in pre intervention CRP levels was observed in both resistance group (p-value <0.001) and endurance group (p-value <0.001). An increase of 0.35±0.23 mg/L was observed in group I and an increment of 0.54±0.39 mg/L was observed in group II. Percent post intervention increment was higher in group II (55.04%) as compared to group I (35.34%) (Table/Fig 5). Mean pre intervention BMI of both the groups was found to be similar (21.97±1.78 kg/m2). Mean post intervention BMI of group I (21.49±1.51 kg/m2) was found to be higher than that of group II (20.66±1.42 kg/m2). This difference was found to be significant statistically (Table/Fig 6). After intervention significant decline in pre intervention BMI was observed in both the groups. In group I decline in BMI was 0.47±0.70 kg/m2 while in group II decline in BMI was 1.31±0.67. On evaluating the % post intervention change in group I and group II, it was observed that decline in group II (5.95%) was higher as compared to group I (2.15%) (Table/Fig 7).
In the present study, resistance exercise training caused decrease in resting heart rate though it was statistically insignificant (p-value=0.096). These findings are in accordance to Reimers AK et al., who studied the effect of resistance training on heart rate and found that there is decline in heart rate after training (25). In the present study endurance exercise caused decrease in resting heart rate though it was statistically insignificant (p-value=0.326).
These results favour the studies of Yilmaz T, and Dağlioğlu Ö, and Reimers AK et al., who studied the effect of endurance training on heart rate and observed that there is decline in heart rate after training (18),(25). The results of study of Broadbent S et al., are not in favour of this study, who conducted a study in which it was observed that short term exercise training increases resting heart rate (26).
Both exercise trainings caused insignificant decrease in resting heart rate. It might be due to that exercise training caused increased parasympathetic tone and decreased responsiveness to beta adrenergic receptor (27). In the present study, subjects who performed resistance exercise training showed statistically significant increase in CRP level after exercise (p-value <0.001).
The findings of study are similar to Mohammadi HR et al., who studied the effect of resistance exercise on CRP and observed that there is increase in CRP level after exercise (28). Subjects who completed endurance exercise training showed statistically significant increase in CRP level after exercise (p-value <0.001). The results of present study are supported by Kasapis C and Thompson PD and Mouridsen MR et al., who studied the effect of endurance exercise on CRP and observed that there is increase in CRP after exercise (29),(30). In a study Arikawa AY et al., found that regular endurance exercise reduces CRP level (31). Kim KB conducted a study in which he found that endurance and resistance training reduces CRP level (10).
Both resistance and endurance exercise caused CRP to be increased in both groups. This might be due to that short term exercise worked as stress response on body and caused tissue damage. This triggered release of IL-6. IL-6 caused liver to produce acute phase protein such as CRP. This caused increase in CRP level (32). In the present study, resistance exercise training caused statistically significant decrease in BMI (p-value=0.001). In the present study, endurance exercise caused statistically significant decrease in BMI (p-value <0.001). The findings of present study are similar to Mohammadi HR et al., who studied the effect of aerobic and strength exercise on body composition and found that there is decrease in BMI after exercise (28). The results of present study are supported by Chaudhary S et al., who studied the effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on body composition and found that there is decrease in BMI after exercise (22).
The effect of exercise on CRP is determined by many factors such as age, sex, race, baseline CRP level, baseline BMI, weight of the subjects, type of exercise etc. The condition of subject, whether the subject is healthy or having some chronic disease such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or other diseases, have effect on CRP level. All these factors may act as confounders. So all the confounders were taken into consideration and such subjects were not included in this study. A combination of both types of exercises may be helpful in improving the cardiac health as well as in strengthening the muscles all over the body. Including this combination of exercise schedule in day to day life may promote overall health of the individuals. This could be taken as guidance for making workout plans for the people to promote a healthy life style.
Limitation(s)
Less time duration was the limitation in this study which could be addressed in future research.
Short duration of exercises increase inflammation but no significant effect on resting heart rate was seen. This might be due to short duration of training programme and less number of subjects. Detailed further studies with larger number of subjects and long duration exercise training are required to warrant the results.
10.7860/JCDR/2021/48408.15232
Date of Submission: Jan 06, 2021
Date of Peer Review: Jan 25, 2021
Date of Acceptance: Jul 17, 2021
Date of Publishing: Aug 01, 2021
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jan 07, 2021
• Manual Googling: Jul 15, 2021
• iThenticate Software: Jul 22, 2021 (8%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
- Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
- Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
- Academic Search Complete Database
- Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
- Embase
- EBSCOhost
- Google Scholar
- HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
- Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
- Journal seek Database
- Popline (reproductive health literature)
- www.omnimedicalsearch.com