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On Sep 2018




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On Sep 2018




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"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



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Lucknow
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On Aug 2018




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"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
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Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
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In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2022 | Month : May | Volume : 16 | Issue : 5 | Page : AC01 - AC04 Full Version

Morphometric Study of Proximal Femur and its Applications in Prosthesis Designing: A Cross-sectional Study from Western India


Published: May 1, 2022 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2022/56094.16331
Sajan Skaria, Manoj Kulkarni, Hetal Vaishnani

1. PhD Scholar, Department of Anatomy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. 2. Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. 3. Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Sajan Skaria,
PhD Scholar, Department of Anatomy, American International Institute of Medical
Sciences, Near Transport Nagar, Bedwas, Air Port Road, Udaipur-313001, Rajasthan, India.
E-mail: sajan.scaria@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: The hip joint is subjected to daily stresses as it bears the weight of the upper body. Osteoarthritis of the hip may cause irreversible damage. Proximal geometry of the femur, like neck-shaft angle and torsion is important in designing prostheses for a specific population. Most of the prostheses manufacturers follow the Western parameters as there is a scarcity of data in the Indian context.

Aim: To analyse the normal Neck-Shaft Angle (NSA) and torsion of the femur in the Indian population.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in a total of 300 dried femur (150 right and 150 left) of unknown age and gender without any defect or damage during a period of 2.6 years (June 2019 to December 2021) in Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University, Gujarat, India. The NSA and the angle of femoral torsion was measured using a Goniometer. Mean and standard deviation were calculated. Student’s t-tests was applied to ascertain the statistical difference between right and left femur.

Results: The average NSA was 128.55±6.99°. The mean values were 130.70±6.03° and 126.41±7.22° on right and left sides respectively with statistically significant difference (p-value <0.0001). The average femoral torsion was found to be 16.43±2.34°. On the left side, it was 16.43±2.31° and 16.43±2.36° on the right side with No statistically significant difference was found between right and left femorae (p-value=1.00).

Conclusion: The accuracy and success of the hip replacement surgery demands complete knowledge of the morphometry of the proximal femur which is highly specific among the races, region and gender. The present study provides the normal morphometry of the proximal femur of Indian population.

Keywords

Anatomy, Angle of anteversion, Arthroplasty, Morphometry, Neck-shaft angle

The transition from quadrupedal to bipedal gait is a biomechanical landmark in the evolution of Homo Sapiens. The most important feature that makes humans different is the bipedal locomotion and prehensile use of hands. The legs and hands are quietly modified from that of other primates in their unique architecture and built. The femoral neck in humans is an important functional modification after man attained erect bipedal posture (1). The neck of the femur is approximately 5 cm long which connects the head to the shaft usually at an angle of 125°. Neck-shaft angle facilitates movements at the hip joint and also acts as a lever for the muscles acting around the hip joint (2). The angles at the proximal femur facilitates biomechanical advantageous erect (bipedal) postures during motion by reducing the horizontal bending forces experienced at the pelvic girdle and thereby reducing bony tensile stress (3).

Neck-Shaft Angle (NSA) or the Inclination angle and angle of torsion are important anatomic indicators in clinical orthopaedics. Neck-shaft angle or inclination angle is an angle between the femoral neck axis and diaphyseal axis. The neck-shaft angle varies with the age, stature and width of the pelvis. When this angle is>135°, the condition is known as coxa valga. When angle is <120°, it is known as coxa vara (4). The angle of femoral neck is reduced with age. In early infancy the neck-shaft angle is about 150°, in childhood 140°, in adult about 125°and in elderly about 120.5° (5).

Angle of Femoral Torsion (AFT) is an important factor for hip stability and normal walking. A sound knowledge of the normal range of femoral torsion is important for corrective osteotomies, arthroplasty and manufacturers of hip prosthesis (6). Any alterations in this angle is associated with many pathological conditions. An increased angle is associated with cerebral palsy, postural defects, flat foot, intoing and external tibial rotation and decreased angle is seen in conditions like chondrodystrophy, toing out, rickets (7).

The hip joint is subjected to daily stresses as it bears the weight of the upper body. With advancing age, these stresses can encounter smooth functioning. Osteoarthritis is one of the most common alterations of the hip, which causes intense pain and inflammation leading to irreversible damage to the entire joint complex. These conditions may affect the normal neck-shaft angle and thereby alter the biomechanics and the gait. This may necessitate the replacement of the compromised joint complex with an artificial one (8).

A hip prosthesis is an artificial device that replaces a damaged hip joint. It has a femoral head articulated to acetabulum of the pelvis and is supported by a synovial joint capsule (9). The surgical operation is referred to as Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA). There are three components in a hip prosthesis- a femoral component (consisting of a stem/pin and head), an acetabular cup, and an acetabular interface (10). The function of the femoral component is to transmit the force generated at the centre of rotation to the proximal femur. The major process in Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is to restore or increase the femoral offset (11). A femoral offset is defined as the perpendicular distance between the long femoral axis and the centre of rotation of the head. Normally, the total hip prostheses have a higher neck-shaft angle than the host bone and there is a tendency to reduce the femoral offset (12). Restoration of the femoral offset is a crucial step in hip replacement surgery as it enhances hip stability and improves the range and strength of abduction. So, femoral component design is important in restoring the femoral offset (13).

Geometric parameters of the femoral neck like torsion and NSA are therefore two important parameters of femur anatomy in the selection and designing of proper hip prostheses (14). The architecture of hip joints in Indians are different from the western population, so the authors studied the normal neck-shaft angle and torsion of the femur in the Indian population.

Material and Methods

This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out on 300 dry (150 right and 150 left) femur of unknown age and gender from June 2019 to December 2021. The bones were collected from various Medical Colleges of Rajasthan and Gujarat after obtaining Institutional Ethical Committee approval. Neck-shaft angle and the angle of femoral torsion were measured using Goniometer.

Inclusion criteria: Intact, dried and non pathological adult bones were included in the study.

Exclusion criteria: Femur with any gross defect, arthritic deformity or damage were excluded from the study.

Angle of Femoral Torsion

The Angle of Femoral Torsion (AFT) was measured by Kingsley Olmsted method (15) by placing the specimen at the edge of a horizontal surface. A midpoint is marked at the proximal and distal of the neck with a vernier calliper. A thin needle fixed through these points represent the axis of the neck. The horizontal surface represents the transcondylar plane. The horizontal limb of the goniometer was fixed on the edge of the table. The vertical limb was held parallel to the needle fixed i.e. along the central axis of the neck and the angle subtended was recorded (Table/Fig 1),(Table/Fig 2)(Table/Fig 3) (16).

Neck-shaft Angle of the Femur (NSA)

It is the angle formed between the axis of the shaft of the femur and the head-neck axis. The axis of the femoral shaft was identified by joining a line from the trochanteric fossa (piriform fossa) to the middle of the femoral shaft measured 2 cm below the vastus ridge with the help of vernier calliper. The axis of the head and neck were identified by a line joining the midpoint of the head of the femur in its centre and the midpoint of the neck at its base. The midpoint was identified using a vernier calliper. The angle formed was recorded (17) (Table/Fig 4),(Table/Fig 5),(Table/Fig 6).

Statistical Analysis

The results were tabulated and analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Software for windows version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL,USA).The mean and standard deviation was calculated. Unpaired student’s t-test was used to compare the means and p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Neck-shaft angle of the femur: The mean values of NSA of total (300) femur was found to be 128.55±6.99°. The values were 130.70±6.03° and 126.41±7.22° on right and left sides respectively (Table/Fig 7). The right side bones showed higher NSA than the left and the difference between the two was found to be statistically significant.

Torsion of femur: The mean value of femoral torsion of 300 femora was 16.43±2.34°.On the left side, it was 16.43±2.31° and 16.43±2.36° on the right side (Table/Fig 8). No statistical difference was found between the right and left sides.

Discussion

The angle of the neck and shaft of the femur has a direct relationship with the lifestyle. The NSA is found to be increasing in population with a sedentary lifestyle (18). This infers the developmental plasticity of NSA with respect to changing habitual load levels during development. The neck-shaft angle is affected by physical activity and levels of mobility. Multiple factors like epiphyseal perfusion, cartilage activity at the epiphysis, action of muscles, static factors, hormones, and body weight have been identified to influence neck-shaft angle in postnatal life. Age has the most spectacular influence on the neck-shaft angle.

Preoperative evaluation of the neck-shaft angle of an individual subject is an important concern in many basic and advanced surgical procedures. To perform total hip arthroplasty, it is an essential prerequisite to know the normal acetabular and proximal femoral morphology like femoral neck-shaft angle and femoral torsion, which is specific. Hence specific NSA measurements in relation to population, gender and races is a must for preoperative planning (19).

In the present study, the mean values of NSA of total (300) femur were found to be 128.55±6.99°. (Table/Fig 9) shows the side difference reported in various other studies (3),(4),(20),(21),(22),(23),(24),(25),(26),(27),(28),(29),(30),(31),(32),(33),(34),(35),(36),(37),(38),(39).

In the present study, the right side bones showed higher NSA than the left and the difference between the two was found to be statistically significant. Mukherjee B et al., found statistically significant bilateral difference in femoral NSA in their study (20). Gilligan I et al., observed a statistically significant side differences (p-value=≤0.001) in the NSA of femur on assessing the globally available data (21). Ahmed Z et al., also reported a statistically significant bilateral difference in the neck-shaft angle of femur (22). The authors opinionated that this difference can be due to the characteristics of the regional population. Most of the other Indian studies reported no significant side difference (35),(36),(37),(38),(39).

The torsion angle of the femur is an important factor for hip stability and normal walking A sound knowledge of the normal range of femoral torsion is important for corrective osteotomies, arthroplasty and manufacturers of hip prosthesis (38). The average femoral torsion of 300 femora was 16.43°±2.34° in the present study. No statistical difference was found between the right and left sides. The right side femora showed a little greater torsion than the left. The study found similar with the findings of Dhurandhar D et al,. They reported the average femoral neck anteversion of the right side as 19.03°±12.11° and the left side as 18.63°±10.8°.They also found no significant statistical between the values of the Right and Left sides (40). (Table/Fig 10) shows the mean torsion reported by other workers (5),(16), (40),(41),(42),(43),(44),(45),(46).

Limitation(s)

The major limitation of this study was that the bones selected was of unknown gender as they were not documented in the records. Relying on the gender morphological features of the bone alone could not have shown high degree of accuracy. The gender-wise observations can be more effective in prosthesis development. There may be a change in dimension of bones during the drying process of bones. The exact origin of the bones were unknown; the knowledge of the place of origin of bones, the exact age group etc can give more specific data.

Conclusion

The current study made an effort to build a population-specific data on the dimensions of proximal end femur (neck-shaft angle and angle of torsion) of Indians. The mean neck-shaft angle was 128.55±6.99°. There was statistically significant difference between the NSA of right and left femur. The mean value of femoral torsion was 16.43±2.34° without any significant side differences. The normative data will give an insight to anthropologists to determine the racial variations of the proximal femur. Findings of the study will also be helpful to surgeons, therapists, implant manufactures and researchers as a ready reference of Indian population. However further progressive study in the same direction is requires with gender specific data to give more accurate results.

References

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Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, King H. Lower extremity rotational problems in children: Normal values to guide management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:39-47. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Pathak SK, Maheshwari P, Ughareja P, Gadi D, Prashanth Raj M, Gour SK. Evaluation of femoral neck-shaft angle on plain radiographs and its clinical implications. Int J Res Orthop. 2016;2:383-86. [crossref]
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Sharma A, Lal RK. Morphological variation of measurements of proximal end of femur in south Bihar population. International Journal of Medical and Health Research. 2019;5(8):220-23.
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Verma L, Gupta S, Ghulyani T, Jaiswal P. A digital image analysis method for measuring femoral neck-shaft angle and anteversion angle: A pilot study. Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology. 2016;3(3):362-69. [crossref]
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Srimathi T, Muthukumar T, Anandarani VS, Umapathy S, Rameshkumar S. A study on femoral neck anteversion and its clinical correlation. J Clin Diag Res. 2012;6(2):155-58.
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Khan WU, Iqbal MJ, Marwat M, Ilahi M. Femoral neck anteversion: Is the side wise difference significant? Gomal J Med Sci. 2013;11:199-203.
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Merola M, Affatato S. Materials for Hip Prostheses: A Review of Wear and Loading Considerations. Materials (Basel). 2019;12(3):495. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Baura G. Medical Device Technologies (Second Edition) .A Systems Based Overview Using Engineering Standards. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2012;451-82.
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DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/56094.16331

Date of Submission: Mar 05, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Mar 28, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Apr 25, 2022
Date of Publishing: May 01, 2022

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? No
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. No

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Mar 15, 2022
• Manual Googling: Mar 16, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Mar 26, 2022 (18%)

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