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MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
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Consultant
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Aug 2018




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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
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Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2022 | Month : November | Volume : 16 | Issue : 11 | Page : ZC01 - ZC04 Full Version

Assessment of Mesiodistal Angulation of Maxillary Lateral Incisors: A Cross-sectional Study


Published: November 1, 2022 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2022/57148.17004
Neha Hajira, HS Shashi Dhara, Pulkit Khandelwal

1. Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, Maharashtra, India. 2. Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davanagere, Karnataka, India. 3. Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rural Dental College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, Maharashtra, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Neha Hajira,
House No. 525/8/61, PMT Staff Quaters, Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni, Ahmed Nagar, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: drnehahajira@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Idealistic prosthodontic treatment goals differ for different ethnic groups around the world. Dentogenic concept provides a quality of treatment and a more natural, harmonious and pleasing prosthesis as desired by patients. Providing natural and satisfactory aesthetics is especially important for anterior tooth prosthesis. Various degrees of crown angulation, have significant effect on attractiveness of smile.

Aim: To study the degree of mesiodistal angulation of maxillary right and left lateral incisors in both genders of different age groups, to guide in the arrangement of teeth fulfilling the fundamentals by providing a functionally and aesthetically satisfactory denture.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Prosthodontics at College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India, from June 2012 to May 2015. A total of 500 patients with normal maxillomandibular relationship (250 males and 250 females) were included in the study and were divided into three age groups i.e, group A (21-30 years), group B (31-40 years), group C (41-50 years). Clinical examination of patients was performed and dental casts of these patients were studied. A custom-made positioning jig was used to measure the mesiodistal angulations of maxillary right and left lateral incisors. The results were obtained by statistical analysis using paired-t test, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s Post-Hoc tests.

Results: The mean value for mesiodistal angulation of maxillary right and left lateral incisors in males was found to be 6.648±0.9889 and 6.704±1.0042 degrees, respectively. The mean value for mesiodistal angulation of maxillary right and left lateral incisors in females, was found to be 6.592±0.8296 and 6.580±0.8381 degrees, respectively.

Conclusion: The mesiodistal angulation of maxillary lateral incisors was comparatively greater in males than in females and the variation in the angulation was slightly more for maxillary left lateral incisors. The values for mesiodistal angulations of maxillary lateral incisors can serve, as guidelines for the arrangement of teeth and help in achieving desired aesthetics, provide adequate lip support and restore required functions.

Keywords

Aesthetics, Crown, Dentogenic, Denture, Personality

Once the natural dentition is lost, there is need for prosthetic replacement of missing teeth that greatly improves the masticatory efficiency as well as facial aesthetics. Dental aesthetics is an important and salient factor contributing towards facial aesthetics. Anterior teeth are anatomically positioned in the aesthetics zone and are first to be seen when an individual speaks, smiles, laughs or eats. Dental aesthetics is defined as the application of the principles of aesthetics to the natural or artificial teeth and restorations (1).

Providing natural and satisfactory aesthetics is especially important for anterior tooth prosthesis. Various degrees of crown angulation have significant effect on attractiveness of smile. The term ‘crown angulation’ refers to angulation (or tip) of the long axis of the crown (2). In an untreated ideal occlusion, all natural teeth are arranged at an angle to the occlusal plane and each has an optimum angulation and inclination to best perform its individual and collective functions as well as provide aesthetics (3).

Dentogenic concept put forth by Frush and Fischer in 1956, emphasises on three factors which reflect aesthetics in dentures. It provides an approach to aesthetics in prosthodontics that, enables the clinician to create a restoration in harmony with the patient’s objective personality. This concept considers age, personality and sex to restore the dentition for each patient and thus, maintains patient’s unique individuality that has been missing in prosthesis (4).

The present study was designed to determine the Mesio Distal (MD) angulation of maxillary Lateral Incisors (LI) as a part of the dentition, depending upon gender and age of the adult patients visiting a dental Institution in Karnataka, in order to learn its significance in the arrangement of artificial teeth and understanding its significant contribution to dentofacial aesthetics.

Material and Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Prosthodontics at College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India, from June 2012 to May 2015. Patients with complete set of permanent dentition, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. The study group comprised of 500 adult patients (250 males and 250 females) belonging to the age group from 21-50 years. The study group was divided into three age groups (Table/Fig 1).

Patients were included in the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria mentioned below:

Inclusion criteria:

• Class I canine-molar relations
• Normal overjet-overbite
• Well-aligned arches (no spacing, rotation, crowding)
• Full complement of permanent dentition
• Caries free

Exclusion criteria:

• Presence of supernumerary teeth
• History of orthodontic/periodontal/endodontic treatment
• History of trauma to anterior region
• Periodontally compromised dentition

Description of custom-made jig: A custom-made positioning jig was used (Table/Fig 2), following a modification of Mestriner MA et al., (5) and Kannabiran P et al., (6) design. This jig was used to measure the angulation and inclination of maxillary lateral incisors in all study casts. This instrument maintained the position of the mounted maxillary cast as oriented in Hanau wide-vue articulator. It had a Perspex platform on to which the mounted cast was attached using a screw beneath the platform. A vertical arm extended from one end of the platform to which a horizontal arm was attached and screws that allow right and left movements of the horizontal arm and also by which the height of the horizontal arm was adjusted. A standard 180 degrees plastic protractor which measures to the accuracy of 0.5 degrees was attached to the horizontal arm of jig. An immovable pointer (pointer A) was attached to a screw in the middle of the protractor extending to the entire length of the protractor, slightly above to the platform. This pointer rested against the long axis of the maxillary central incisor on the cast. Pointer A coinciding 90 degrees on the protractor represents the plane perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane (FHP). Pointer B (movable sideways) was also attached to the metal screw in the middle of the protractor. This pointer rested on long axis of the maxillary lateral incisor on the cast and angulation readings, were read on the protractor.

Study Procedure

Impressions of both arches were made using irreversible hydrocolloid and casts were poured in dental stone. Facebow record using polyvinyl siloxane bite registration material was transferred to Hanau Springbow articulator. Casts were mounted on the articulator in Maximum Inter-cuspation Position (MICP). The mounted maxillary cast was removed from the articulator. A point was marked on the deepest portion of the cervical margin on the labial surface and on the highest point on the incisal edge of the maxillary lateral incisor on the mounted cast. Then the MD width of the lateral incisor was measured with a digital vernier calliper (aerospace 0-150 mm, 0.01 mm resolution) and the midpoint was marked on the labial surface (Table/Fig 3). These points were joined using a lead pencil, dividing the labial surface of the maxillary lateral incisor into two halves. This long axis marked was the Facial Axis of the Clinical Crown (FACC).

The mounted maxillary cast was then mounted on the Perspex platform of the custom-made jig (Table/Fig 2). The height of the 2horizontal arm of the jig was so adjusted that, the labial surface of the maxillary central incisor was in front of the fixed pointer A and the maxillary lateral incisor was in front of the movable pointer B. Then, the middle long axis, marked by lead pencil, on the labial surface of maxillary central incisor was coincided with the pointer A and that of the maxillary lateral incisor was coincided with the pointer B above the platform. The reading was noted on the graduated metal scale of the protractor, where the other end of pointer B extended (Table/Fig 4).

Evaluation criteria:

• Determination of MD angulation of maxillary right and left lateral incisors in males.
• Determination of MD angulation of maxillary right and left lateral incisors in females.
• Comparison of MD angulation of maxillary right and left lateral incisors in males as well as females.
• Comparison of MD angulation of maxillary right and left lateral incisors in male and female population belonging to same age group.

Statistical Analysis

The data obtained was statistical analysed using Paired t-test, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

The mean age of participants were 41.6±1.22 years. The mean value for MD angulation of Maxillary Right Lateral Incisor (MRLI) and Maxillary Left Lateral Incisor (MLLI) in males was found to be 6.648±0.9889 and 6.704±1.0042 degrees, and in females it was found to be 6.592±0.8296 and 6.580±0.8381 degrees, respectively. While comparing the MD angulation of MRLI as well as MLLI in males and females, no statistically significant difference existed (Table/Fig 5).

In group A (21-30 years), the mean value of the MD angulation of MRLI and MLLI was 7.100±1.11 and 7.441±1.05 degrees and 6.56±0.87 and 6.54±0.88 degrees in females, respectively. In group B (31-40 years), it was found to be 6.354±0.91 and 6.30±0.81 degrees in males, 6.73±0.88 and 6.60±0.86 degrees in females, respectively. In group C (41-50 years), it was found to be 6.476±0.73 and 6.34±0.65 degrees in males and 6.48±0.70 and 6.59±0.78 degrees in females, respectively (Table/Fig 6).

In males, there was statistically highly significant difference in the MD angulations between group A and group B (p-value <0.0001); and between group A and group C (p-value <0.0001). But, no statistically significant difference in the MD angulations between group B and group C (p-value <0.9) with highest value of MD angulations seen in group A followed by group C and then group B. In females, there was no statistically significant difference in the MD angulations between group A, B and C with highest value found in group A followed by group C and then group B (Table/Fig 7).

Discussion

Denture aesthetics is defined as the cosmetic effect produced by a dental prosthesis which affects the beauty, attractiveness, character and dignity of the individual (1). Pound stated that the first principle of aesthetics is replacing the teeth in the natural positions from which they came (7). Boucher CO, also stated that the teeth must be placed in exactly the same position as the natural teeth which they are to replace (8). Hence, the position of teeth in prosthesis is utmost important for achieving natural aesthetics and proper functioning.

Placing anterior teeth in harmony with functional activity involve placing the teeth in an anteroposterior and mediolateral position in harmony with the action of lips and the tongue. Rotation of lateral incisors, however, will either harden or soften the dental composition. Right and left lateral incisors should have asymmetric long axis and they should be so positioned that, atleast a portion is seen when the patient speaks normally (speaking line determination) (9).

In choosing the tooth, the first consideration was the selection of a mold typically feminine and sculptured for a rounded body outline. In refining the basic ‘feminine’ mold to correspond in appearance to an extremely soft, pleasant personality, depth grinding of the mesiolabial angle is done, and the incisal edges of the central and lateral incisors are rounded to produce a softer appearance. The lateral incisors, with their masculine surface anatomy, are square and the mesial surfaces are rotated inward. The positioning of the six anterior teeth in the male patient results in the creation of an upward sweep of incisal edges of the central and lateral incisors. This is called the ‘smiling line’. In the denture base, more vigorous surface anatomy is also employed for a man than for a woman (10).

Andrews LF, studied angulations and inclinations of the long axis of untreated ideal occlusions and described six keys for the arrangement and occlusion of teeth (2). According to him, crown angulation refers to angulation (or tip) of the long axis of the crown, not to angulation of the long axis of the entire tooth. Among the six keys to normal occlusion, key II-crown angulation (mesiodistal tip), the gingival portion of the long axis of all crowns was more distal than the incisal portion. The angle between the long axis of the crown (as viewed from the labial or buccal surface) and a line bearing 90 degrees from the occlusal plane is the degree of the crown tip (2). He also stated that angulation of maxillary crowns averaged 9 degrees and inclination averaged 3 degrees for the lateral incisors (11). Ursi W et al., stated that proper axial inclinations are necessary for distribution of occlusal forces with closed contact point (12). The values of MD angulation of maxillary lateral incisors obtained in this study (6.5-6.7 degrees) were nearly similar to those suggested by Jordan RD et al., (7 degrees) (13). Different authors have reported the importance of angulation of maxillary lateral incisors for aesthetics (Table/Fig 8) (6),(11),(13),(14).

Limitation(s)

Small sample size was the major limitation of the present study. The study can be also be considered for a larger population, hence, this can have further scope for research.

Conclusion

The mesiodistal angulation of maxillary lateral incisors was comparatively greater in males than in females, especially, in the age group of 21-30 years. The variation in the angulation was slightly more for maxillary left lateral incisors. These values of mesiodistal angulation of maxillary lateral incisors can serve as guidelines in the arrangement of teeth during fabrication of complete or partial dentures, so as to keep the aesthetics natural looking and abide by the principles of teeth arrangement.

References

1.
Academy of Prosthodontics. The glossary of prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;94(1):10-92. [crossref] [PubMed]
2.
Andrews LF. The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod. 1972;62(3):296-09. [crossref] [PubMed]
3.
Dempster WT, Adams WJ, Duddles RA. Arrangement in the jaws of the roots of the teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 1963;67:779-97. [crossref] [PubMed]
4.
Jameson WS. Dynesthetic and dentogenic concept revisited. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2002;14(3):139-48. [crossref] [PubMed]
5.
Mestriner MA, Enoki C, Mucha JN. Normal torque of the buccal surface of mandibular teeth and its relationship with bracket positioning: A study in normal occlusion. Braz Dent J. 2006;17:155-60. [crossref] [PubMed]
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DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/57148.17004

Date of Submission: Apr 17, 2022
Date of Peer Review: May 27, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Jul 26, 2022
Date of Publishing: Nov 01, 2022

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? No
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: May 07, 2022
• Manual Googling: Jul 22, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Aug 09, 2022 (19%)

ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin

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