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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Comparative Evaluation of Microshear Bond Strength of Adhesive Resin Incorporated with Inorganic Nanofillers Cerium Dioxide: An In-vitro Study
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Pallavi Sharad Suryarao,
Postgraduate Student, Department of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad-415110, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: rbhallikerimath@rediffmail.com
Introduction: Dental adhesives are used for a wide range of clinical applications in dentistry. Bonding is required in direct composite resin restorations. In clinical situation, resin to dentin bonds are less resistant than resin to enamel bonds. Because of varying structure and composition of dentin, the failure of resin-dentin bonding resulting in staining, caries recurrence microleakage. These set of circumstances can hasten the failure and degradation of resin to dentin bonding hence inorganic fillers can be added to improve the bond strength. Cerium dioxide (CeO2) is a rare earth oxide has been increasingly used as a nanotherapeutic material and can be successfully used in adhesive resin to improve the physical properties of adhesive resin.
Aim: To evaluate and compare microshear bond strength of adhesive resin after incorporation of inorganic nanofillers cerium dioxide.
Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in Department of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry at School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India, from February 2022 to April 2022. The unfilled dental adhesive was used as a control (group A) and dental adhesives formulated with nanosized Cerium dioxide (CeO2) as the inorganic filler (group B). Total 24 samples were prepared, 12 samples in each group and adhesives were evaluated for microshear bond strength. Intragroup comparison between experimental and control group was done using Unpaired t-test.
Results: The mean microshear bond strength of the adhesive system containing nanosized cerium dioxide at a concentration of 2% was 6.89±2.22 MPa (group B), which was significantly greater than that of the adhesive system without additives (group A) 4.37±1.22 MPa.
Conclusion: Microshear bond strength of the dental adhesives with nanosized CeO2 particles, was significantly higher than the unfilled adhesive.
Composite, Dentin bonding, Enamel bonding, Nanotherapeutic material, Nanoparticles
Nowadays composite material and dental adhesive systems are material of choice in restorative dentistry as direct restorative materials (1). The dentin has the wet environment which is not favourable for the polymerisation of methacrylate monomers, which promote degradation of resin dentine interface over time (2). Along with this cavity, seal should be appropriate which is required to inactivate the residual bacteria from affected dentin and stop the further caries progression. Many modifications have been put forward in the composition of adhesive resins which improve the longevity of the restorative treatments (1). The strategies which are currently available involves the incorporation of inorganic fillers resulting in decrease relative amount of organic phase which gives a higher hydrolytic stability to resin and a promising cavity seal (3).
Cerium dioxide (CeO2) is found in the lanthanide series of the periodic table. It is a rare earth oxide, There are various commercial applications for CeO2 are present. This material is most commonly used as nanotherapeutic material (4). In dentistry, CeO2 was used in dental ceramics since this compound resembles the natural fluorescence of the human dental enamel. Cerium has high atomic number of 58 and thus it can promote considerable attenuation of a dental X-ray beam so it is used in adhesive resin to improve the radiopacity of adhesive resin (4),(5).
The heterogeneity of the structure and composition of dentin causes unfavourable environment resulting in staining, recurrent caries, Microleakage and postoperative sensitivity, and the combination of these situations can accelerate the degradation and failure of resin to dentin bonding (4). Therefore there is need to modify the adhesive materials for breaking this vicious circle. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate and compare microshear bond strength of adhesive resin after incorporation of nanosized cerium dioxide particles for the first time.
This in-vitro study was conducted in Department of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry at School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India, from February 2022 to April 2022. Ethical clearance has been obtained from the ethical committee (approval number 076/2021-2022 and reference number KIMSDU/IEC/03/2022).
Inclusion criteria: Non carious, non hypoplastic, no cracks, non restored teeth and extracted for orthodontic therapies were included in the study.
Exclusion criteria: Carious, non therapeutically extracted teeth were excluded from the study.
Total 24 samples were prepared 12 samples each group and adhesives were evaluated for microshear bond strength.
• Group A (n=12): The unfilled dental adhesive was used as a control group.
• Group B (n=12): Dental adhesives formulated with nanosized Cerium dioxide (CeO2) as the inorganic filler.
Procedure
Preparation of Experimental Adhesive Resin: Commercialy available adhesive resin (Ivoclar vivadent Tetric N bond) (Table/Fig 1) which is 5 gms in quantity were taken into that 2wt% of nanosized cerium dioxide (Table/Fig 2) (nano research laboratory ,Maharashtra) that is 0.120 mg (4) (Table/Fig 3) of powder were mixed. In the study by Martini I et al., the cerium dioxide inorganic fillers were studied with different ranges from 0.36 to 5.76 volume% (4). Loading higher than 2 wt% (i.e 1.44 volume %) showed decreased in the degree of conversion hence 2wt % were selected for experimental groups.
Sample preparation: Twenty four extracted premolar were included. All the debris and calculus were removed from the teeth with the ultrasonic scalers. Cleaning of teeth were done using slurry of pumice and were stored in 0.1% wt/vol thymol solution till sample preparation for parameters.
Micro shear bond strength: Collected samples were taken and the enamel of the crowns were removed using a diamond disc. The tooth was then ground with 320 grit SiC paper until occlusal enamel was completely removed (Table/Fig 4).The teeth were etched with 37 wt% phosphoric acid gel for 15 s and rinsed with water, An adhesive was applied without nanofillers (group A) for 12 samples and adhesive with addition of nanosized cerium dioxide (group B) were applied on 12 samples and photo-cured for 20 seconds. A stainless steel iris with a central opening was placed on dentin surface which was treated with adhesive. The central opening of iris was filled with a composite and it was photo-cured for 30 sec (Table/Fig 5). The samples were placed in water at 37 °C for 14 days. Then the dentin shear bond strength was measured using a chisel which was held parallel to the composite-dentin interface (Table/Fig 6) and loaded via a Universal Testing Machine (Table/Fig 7) at 0.5 mm/min until the bond failed, t is : dentine shear bond strength, SD = 4P/(πd2), where d stand for diameter of the composite and P stand for load at failure (6).
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) software was used. Descriptive quantitative data was expressed
in mean and standard deviation respectively. Data normality was checked. Shapiro-Wilk test were used for the same. Confidence interval is 95% and probability of alpha error (level of significance) is 5%, power of the study was 95%. Intragroup comparison between experimental and control group was done using unpaired t-test.
The results for dentin shear bond strength are plotted in (Table/Fig 8) for control group and (Table/Fig 9) for testing group. The adhesive system containing nanosized Cerium dioxide particles at a 2 wt% concentration (group B) showed a statistically significantly greater mean microshear bond strength (6.89±2.22 MPa) than that of the group A (4.37±1.22 MPa). A significant difference (p-value <0.05) between group A and group B was observed in microshear bond strength testing (Table/Fig 10).
The purpose of using dentin bonding systems which acts as an elastic intermediate layer, between the cavity walls and the adjacent composite and between the resin and the tooth structure is to enhance the bonding strength, increase the retention of the restorative material, decrease the microleakage, dissipation of occlusal stress and prevent the polymerisation shrinkage stress (7).
In this in-vitro study, CeO2 nanoparticles were explored. Addition of nanosized particles into the adhesive resin prevent the bond degradation by protecting the collagen fibers and improved the mechanical properties by apatite formation. This adhesive resin can also cause an increase in the pH, resulting in remineralisation of the adhesive-dentin interface and increasing the marginal and internal seals of composite restorations (8).
The micro shear bond strength test is widely used method to test the bond strength, because of the simplicity of the procedure, specimen preparation and simple test protocols (2). In the present study, the microshear bond strength of adhesive containing nanosized cerium dioxide nanoparticles particles at a 2 wt% concentration was studied which showed the superior results than that of the adhesive system without additives (9).
Contributing factors to this effect may include the verity that number of metal-oxygen (Me-O) bonds increases because during the early stages of drying there is the release of residual water and organic solvent (10). Hence, during the curing regimen, a further increase in cross-linking and Me-O bonding occurred because the release of water and cure time, controls the solvent from adhesive resin and thus increased the bond strength to dentin (5).
Leitune VC et al., evaluated the dental adhesive after addition of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) nanoparticles as radiopacifiers and observed that the degree of conversion decreased with the addition of particles (1). In other study, Ta2O5 was added into the adhesive at weight percent of 1, 2, 5 and 10 wt %. Evaluation of radiopacity, softening in solvent, degree of conversion, and ultimate tensile strength were done. The study concluded that tantalum oxide is a promising alternative for adhesive formulation (3).
Microshear bond strength is very important once the adhesive resin is in direct contact with mineralised tissues. In this in-vitro study, incorporation of nanosized cerium dioxide particles in adhesive resin was done for the first time to best of authors’ knowledge and it showed increased in bond strength of the experimental adhesive, Therefore, the experimental adhesive resins with cerium dioxide nanoparticles are suitable for further tests for degree of conversion and bioactivity.
Limitation(s)
The sample size of the study was less. Moreover, in this study, only microshear bond strength was studied. More properties of the formulation should be studied in further studies.
Nanosized cerium dioxide particles were investigated for the first time as a encouraging fillers to improve the microshear bond strength of the 5th generation dental adhesives. Comparative evaluation of the microshear bond strength showed increase in the bond strength after incorporation of nanosized cerium dioxide. Cerium dioxide is a radiopaque inorganic filler with low toxicity and no enough material is available in literature, Therefore the experimental adhesive resins with cerium dioxide are suitable for further tests of degree of conversion, mineral deposition and bioactivity.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/57950.17096
Date of Submission: May 22, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Jul 01, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Aug 13, 2022
Date of Publishing: Oct 01, 2022
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
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• Plagiarism X-checker: May 30, 2022
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• iThenticate Software: Aug 11, 2022 (22%)
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