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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Case report
Full Version
En-masse Distalisation of Mandibular Dentition with Ramal Miniplate for Correction of Class III Malocclusion: A Case Report
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Sathyashree Krishnamurthy,
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
E-mail: sathyashree90@gmail.com
Mandibular arch distalisation is a non extraction camouflage treatment modality for class III malocclusion, and the introduction of skeletal anchorage devices has enabled its use with minimal patient compliance and reciprocal side effects. The aim of the present case report was to show the efficacy of the retromolar fossa as a suitable skeletal anchorage site for mandibular dentition distalisation. Inter-radicular mini screws are the most commonly used forms of skeletal anchorage; however, they are often problematic in the mandible because of their high failure rate in the posterior region. In order to avoid these issues, some clinicians place mini screws extraradicularly in the buccal shelf area or in the retromolar area. This approach is demonstrated through a case report of an 18-years-old male patient with a chief complaint of extra teeth and spacing in the upper front teeth. The diagnosis formulated was a Class III skeletal pattern, anterior divergence, Angle’s Class III malocclusion with an edge-to-edge bite and presence of mesiodens in the premaxillary region. The treatment approach was to use skeletal anchorage to distalise the mandibular arch with ramal plates after extraction of the mandibular third molars, since the patient refused the surgical treatment. At one year follow-up appointment, there was no noticeable relapse or signs or symptoms of adverse effects like gingival recession, mobility and bone loss.
Mandibular ramus, Miniplates, Skeletal anchorage
A 18-year-old male patient reported to the Department of Orthodontics, with the chief complaint of extra teeth in the upper front region since childhood. The patient gave no significant medical history, genetic predilection or syndromes.
Extraoral examination showed a straight profile, anterior divergence and competent lips at rest. Intraorally patient had an edge to edge incisor bite, presence of mesiodens between upper central incisors and a bilateral Angle’s class III molar relation (Table/Fig 1).
The cephalometric analysis indicated a Class III skeletal base due to mandibular prognathism with horizontal growth pattern (Table/Fig 2). Orthopantomogram (OPG) revealed the presence of two mesiodens in the premaxillary region (Table/Fig 2).
The diagnosis formulated was that the patient presented with a straight profile, anterior divergence, with Class III skeletal pattern, with horizontal growth pattern, Angle’s Class III malocclusion with an edgeto-edge bite and presence of mesiodens in the premaxillary region.
The following treatment objectives were established: (1) correct the jaw discrepancies of the maxilla, (2) establish correct overbite and overjet, (3) establish a stable Class I molar and canine relationship, and (4) and improve facial and dental aesthetics.
The ideal treatment plan required is performing bi-jaw surgery to correct the patient’s skeletal discrepancies. Since, the patient was apprehensive about surgery, the alternative treatment approach was to use skeletal anchorage to distalise the mandibular arch with ramal plates after extraction of the mandibular third molars. The patient agreed to the alternate treatment plan proposed.
It was decided to maintain the mesiodens in the anterior maxillary region till stiffer wires were reached, to reduce the chances of arch collapse. The patient was bonded with 0.022”×0.028” preadjusted edgewise fixed orthodontic appliance on the maxillary and mandibular dentition with an initial wire of 0.016” nickel-titanium. The initial leveling and aligning was achieved with 0.016” NiTi, 0.016×0.022” NiTi, 0.017×0.025” Stainless Steel (SS) followed by 0.019×0.025” SS in nine months. The mesiodens were then extracted at this stage to aid in the closure of midline diastema with en-masse maxillary arch mesialisation towards the midline (Table/Fig 3). The diastema was closed with the help of full arch e-chain and Class III interarch elastics.
Patient was then prepared for the miniplate placement for mandibular distalisation (Table/Fig 4),(Table/Fig 5). A full-thickness flap was reflected in the retromolar area, the L-plate (SK Surgicals, India; length of the short arm, 10 mm; length of the long arm, 15.5 mm; diameter, 2.5 mm) was modified to fit the bone surface. The mandibular third molars were extracted during the procedure. The anterior head of the plate was extended into the oral cavity and positioned horizontally to lie 3 mm lateral to the buccal surface of the second molar, and between the buccal groove of the second molar and its distal surface, anteroposteriorly. The plates were fixed with the help of two mini screws (2 mm in diameter, 5 mm in length). The flap was sutured back over the plate. Patient was prescribed analgesics for a period of three days after the procedure to alleviate the postoperative pain. An elastic chain was engaged to the extended head of the plate to the soldered hooks on the mandibular archwire.
Distalisation was continued for six months. Panoramic images were taken prior to and after distalisation showing the amount of molar distalisation. The appliances were removed 27 months after the initial bracket placement. Maxillary and mandibular fixed retainers were bonded from canine to canine and Begg’s removable retainers were given. An Angle’s Class I molar and canine relationship was established. Normal overbite and overjet was achieved. The maxillary third molars were advised for extraction.
Post-treatment records showed a pleasing straight profile with stable class I occlusion achieved with the help of conservative treatment approach with significant improvement of the soft tissue profile and lip protrusion. A positive overjet and overbite were also achieved. The lower incisor were retroclined slightly at the end of the treatment (Table/Fig 6),(Table/Fig 7). Comparison between cephalometric values is given in (Table/Fig 8). The cephalometric superimposition shows there was significant mandibular molar distalisation achieved, with slight opening of the mandibular plane (Table/Fig 9). At one year followup appointment, there was no noticeable relapse or signs of any adverse effects like teeth mobility, gingival recession or bone loss.
Class III malocclusion has been demonstrated within the interval of 0-26.7% of the general population with three times more prevalence in Asians (1). Though easy to detect, it is one of the most difficult malocclusions to treat. The aetiology of a skeletal class III malocclusion is given in (Table/Fig 10).
The 20th century has seen a shift in trend towards more conservative treatment approaches, due to increased cost, duration and patient apprehension towards elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia with the introduction of Temporary skeletal Anchorage Devices (TADs) (1).
Distalisation of the mandibular molars with TADs allows retraction of incisors to achieve a positive overjet. Literature evidence shows upto 4-5 mm of mandibular molar distalisation using mini screws in the retromolar area (2). Other studies have reported successful mandibular dentition distalisation using TADs placed in the buccal shelf (3). But anchorage obtained from a single screw, has some disadvantages like relatively early failure, and only limited movement is possible.
Sugawara J et al., introduced the concept of skeletal anchorage with the help of mini-plates, which are supported by 2 to 3 mini screws (4). Miniplates could endure higher forces essential to distalise the whole dentition, unlike mini screws. They placed the miniplates on the mandibular body for mandibular distalisation.
Kook YA et al., reported the use of a ramal plate medial to the anterior border of the ramus as the force vector is more parallel to the functional occlusal plane (5). Class III malocclusion presents with increased challenges during treatment planning. Recent introduction of TADs to cause distalisation of the mandibular molars have widened the envelope of nonsurgical treatment options (6). With the application of interradicular mini screws, it was difficult to distalise more than 2 to 3 mm because of limited range of movement and required repositioning of mini screws (7). However, with the introduction of ramal plates, the relocation of the mini screws during distalisation was no longer required. Several studies have reported lower failure rates for miniplates than for mini screws (8),(9). A systematic review showed that the failure rate of miniplates was 7.3%, whereas that of mini screws was 16.4% with a greater risk of failure when used in mandible (9). The force with a mandibular ramal plate is directed parallel to the functional occlusal plane, the lateral force vector is minimal, therefore the rotation of the occlusal plane is minimal when compared to mini screws (10). The height of the hook and the vector of force from the ramal plate can be adjusted to determine the overall control on the occlusal plane (11). Also, mini screws placed in the buccal shelf may act to increase the intercanine width due to the lateral component of force and this can influence the stability after treatment completion. They may also cause occlusal plane rotation, increasing the vertical dimension based on the relationship between the force vector and the centre of resistance of the entire arch (12).
In the present case report, the successful application of a ramal plate for en-masse distalisation of mandibular dentition is demonstrated. When the hook of the plate was expose through the retromolar region, irritation is less than when it is through the vestibular mucosa, a movable tissue. Force was applied anteroposteriorly between the buccal groove of the second molar and its distal surface, allowing a longer range of action. Thus, during en masse distalisation using a ramal plate, the resultant vectors were produced by application of a force parallel to the functional occlusal plane which resulted in counter-clockwise rotation, as well as translation of the mandibular occlusal plane around a point apical to the centre of resistance of the entire mandibular dentition. This produces en-masse dental distalisation along with extrusion of the anterior teeth and intrusion of the posterior teeth.
Contrary to the reports of excessive distal tipping with mini screw, the distalisation with distal tipping ratio was minimum with the ramal plates (13).
Attention should be given to the mandibular anterior teeth during distalisation, and the status of the roots. The force vector passes above the centre of resistance of these anterior teeth and leads to counter-clockwise rotation with uncontrolled tipping. It can be counter acted by placing a third-order bend at the anterior section of the archwire. Mild interproximal reduction was undertaken in the lower anteriors to reduce the appearance of black triangles. At one year follow up appointment, there was no noticeable relapse or symptoms of adverse effects like tooth mobility, gingival recession and bone loss.
Though an efficient alternative to surgery, the procedure does have drawbacks. There might be anatomic limitation if retromolar foramen is located too close to the area of placement. As well as, the requirement of two flap procedures for insertion and removal is considered to be a major drawback, in contrast to mini screws.
The present case report showed the efficient use of ramal plates to extend the envelope of discrepancy and correct skeletal malocclusion in adult patient with a less invasive approach. With future readings in the field, the effects on the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes can be assessed more appropriately.
Class III patients often go untreated because of the fear of an invasive surgery. With the advent of skeletal anchorage, ramal plates have become a viable treatment option for mandibular total arch distalisation in class III patients who are reluctant to have orthognathic surgery. The ramal plates placed in the retromolar fossa offer the advantage of the resultant force vectors to be parallel to the occlusal plane, leading to efficient molar distalisation and offers an anatomically suitable placement site for skeletal anchorage with minimal soft tissue irritation.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/57810.17005
Date of Submission: May 16, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Jul 16, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Sep 10, 2022
Date of Publishing: Oct 01, 2022
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. Yes
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: May 19, 2022
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• iThenticate Software: Sep 06, 2022 (20%)
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