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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Sinapis arvensis-Wild Mustard as an Anti-inflammatory Agent: An In-vitro Study
Correspondence Address :
Sneha Aishwarya,
Plot No. 78, Bharathi Street, Annai Indira Nagar, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: snehaaishwarya24@gmail.com
Introduction: Inflammation is body’s immune response to harmful stimulus. Commonly used conventional anti-inflammatory agents are Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). But on prolonged long-term use, it causes serious adverse events. So, the search towards natural agents which have anti-inflammatory property are increasing nowadays. Sinapis arvensis is an annual flowering plant which has proven multipurpose medicinal phytoconstituents.
Aim: To evaluate in-vitro anti-inflammatory effects of flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis with diclofenac as standard.
Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study assessed the laboratory based anti-inflammatory activity, performed using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) assay in December 2021 at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. BSA at pH of 6.8 generated denatured proteins. The anti-inflammatory activity of the sample (flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis) and standard (Diclofenac) was assessed by adding to BSA and percentage of inhibition of denaturation were calculated using the formula based on the absorbance measured. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of collected data.
Results: The concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation was observed for both Sinapis arvensis and Diclofenac. At 100 μg concentration, percentage of inhibition reached up to 81.8% and 100% for Sinapis arvensis and Diclofenac, respectively.
Conclusion: The present study showed that flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis exhibited concentration dependent anti-inflammatory property in-vitro which proves to be nearly equivalent with that of the standard Diclofenac.
Bovine serum assay, Diclofenac, Flower extracts, Protein denaturation
Inflammation is the human body’s immune response to harmful intruders. Inflammatory response is basically the cellular and vascular response to trauma and the main purpose of it is to initiate the healing of the injured tissues (1). Inflammation can be classified into acute or chronic inflammation (2). Acute inflammatory response is initial response which is usually beneficial lasting for few days. It is characterised by rubor (redness), tumour (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain) and functio laesa (loss of function) (3). An uncontrolled acute inflammation may end upto chronic inflammation, which may contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases (1). Chronic inflammation may result from various reasons like failure of acute inflammatory response, autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, lupus, asthma, psoriasis, etc.) (2).
Owing to its maladaptive and non-resolving inflammatory nature, the use of conventional anti-inflammatory therapy with drugs like NSAIDs, corticosteroids are crucial (4). The most commonly used NSAIDs are paracetamol, indomethacin, aspirin, diclofenac which inhibits cyclooxygenase enzyme thereby preventing the synthesis of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandin leading to analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects (5). Diseases like autoimmune disorders need long-term management but drugs like NSAIDs on prolonged use can cause serious adverse events such as cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal complications (6). So, the switch towards re-evaluating the medicinal plants which has anti-inflammatory effect is increasing nowadays because of their less reported adverse effects (7).
Sinapis arvensis (family Brassicaceae) is an annual plant, commonly called as ‘wild mustard’ (8). It has been traditionally used against rheumatic pain (9). The family (Brassicaceae) species, Sinapis alba are also known to have anti-inflammatory effect (10). Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID, which also has analgesic antipyretic activity, displays its action by inhibiting the activity of cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX1), cyclo-oxygenase (COX2) enzymes, thereby inhibiting synthesis of inflammatory mediators like thromboxanes, prostacyclins, prostaglandin E2. In addition, it also has activity in decreasing the already raised substance P in synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients (11). Diclofenac has also proved to possess superior intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity than the other NSAIDs (12). So, in this study diclofenac was used as the standard. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Sinapis arvensis by using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) assay, with diclofenac as standard.
This laboratory-based in-vitro study was conducted at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, in December 2021.
Study Procedure
Preparation of Sinapis arvensis flower extraction: The Sinapis arvensis flower (100 g) was taken, washed, dried, and grinded into powder. An amount of 250 mL of ethanol was added to the flower powder. The extraction was carried out using Soxhlet apparatus for 8 hours at 70o Celsius (C), and then the extract was kept in rotatory evaporator following which the solvent was evaporated, and the extract was taken and kept at 4oC for further use.
BSA, at pH of 6.8, generates denatured proteins (inflammatory markers). Various concentrations of samples (flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis and Diclofenac) such as 20 μg, 40 μg, 60 μg, 80 μg, 100 μg were taken in separate test tubes and serial dilution were made upto 1 ml using methanol in respective test tubes
Control test tubes were also prepared with 50 μL methanol without the sample. An amount of 5 mL of 0.2% BSA was prepared in tris buffered saline at pH=6.8 and were added to all the test tubes (samples and controls). Samples and control test tubes were incubated at 37oC for 20 min and then at 72oC for 5 min. After incubation, samples and control were allowed to cool for 10 min and the absorbance was measured at 660 nm. Control test tubes did not show inhibition of denaturation. Both the samples (Sinapis arvensis and Diclofenac) denaturation inhibition were calculated and compared (13). Inhibition of denaturation (%) was calculated using the following formula: (14)
Inhibition of denaturation (%)= absorbance of control-absorbance of sample/ absorbance of control×100
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive analyses were used to analyse the collected data.
(Table/Fig 1) shows percentage of inhibition were best at 100 μg sample concentration (Diclofenac -100% at 100 μg, sample Sinapis arvensis -81.8% at 100 μg). Based on the BSA, percentage of inhibition was calculated for both diclofenac and flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis. The absorbance was noted at varying sample concentration ranging from 20 to 100 μg.
Diclofenac showed the concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation which reached up to 100 percent at 100 μg concentration. Flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis also showed concentration-dependent inhibition reaching upto 81.8 percent at 100 μg concentration (Table/Fig 1).
Protein denaturation is a process by which protein loses its secondary and tertiary structure and its biological function may also be lost. Denaturation of protein is acclaimed as a marker for inflammation (15).
Denatured proteins end up forming the antigens which ultimately leads to the inflammation and inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. BSA assay is the widely accepted and used in-vitro protein denaturation assay to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of the products. In this assay, denatured proteins are generated by using BSA at pH of 6.8, anti-inflammatory property of the substance can be identified by adding the substance to the inflammation (through the generation of denatured proteins) induced BSA. Protein denaturation inhibition by substances indicate anti-inflammatory property. Higher the degree of its inhibition, greater would be the anti-inflammatory potential (11).
NSAIDs also has a property of preventing protein denaturation (16). Even though synthetic chemical drugs like diclofenac have potent anti-inflammatory property, on prolonged use it can cause complications. Because of complications induced by prolonged conventional synthetic drug treatment, the search towards natural agents which has anti-inflammatory properties are increasing nowadays. Studies have shown that substances derived from plants are found to be effective, safe and alternative as an anti-inflammatory agent (17).
Sinapis arvensis had been used as rheumatic pain treatment traditionally (9). The anti-inflammatory activity of the flower extracts has been assessed by invitro BSA assay, by taking Diclofenac as standard. Results of this study revealed that Diclofenac showed 100% percentage of inhibition at 100 μg of sample concentration whereas flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis showed 81.8% percentage of inhibition at 100 μg sample concentration in the concentration dependent manner.
This study proves that Sinapis arvensis may exhibit similar anti-inflammatory effect in incremental manner probably with reduced complications when compared to that of conventional standard drug Diclofenac. There are not much researches proving the anti-inflammatory potential of Sinapis arvensis.
Plants have secondary metabolites as major constituents through secondary metabolism. These secondary metabolites have various medicinal properties. Secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids can be used as anti-inflammatory agents (18). Phytoconstituents of Sinapis arvensis were studied and found that they have more than 40 phytoconstituents including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, which were known to possess anti-inflammatory property (19). Flavonoids has been extracted and isolated from flowers of Sinapis arvensis and the mixture of flavonoids were administrated to the inflammation-induced rat paw. The results showed that flavonoid mixture from the flower have a potent and prominent anti-inflammatory property (20).
Limitation(s)
Being an in-vitro and preliminary study, the results cannot be extrapolated to human beings Further in-vivo studies and clinical trials are required to prove the anti-inflammatory activity of Sinapis arvensis.
This study proves that at a maximum tested concentration of 100 μ μg Sample flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis showed 81.8% inhibition which is almost equivalent to that of standard Diclofenac. It is concluded that sample flower extracts of Sinapis arvensis have a potential anti-inflammatory effect in concentration dependent manner in-vitro.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/58609.17301
Date of Submission: Jun 22, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Aug 12, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Oct 21, 2022
Date of Publishing: Dec 01, 2022
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? NA
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
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