Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
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An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
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Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
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Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2023 | Month : January | Volume : 17 | Issue : 1 | Page : ZC11 - ZC15 Full Version

Impact of Root Canal Taper on Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Prepared by Hero Shaper and RaCe File Systems: An In-vitro Study


Published: January 1, 2023 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2023/58194.17231
Sonali Subhash Kinikar, Sharad Kamat, Santosh Hugar, Tanvi Kadu, Divya Makhijani

1. Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India. 2. Principal and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India. 3. Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India. 4. Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India. 5. Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Sonali Subhash Kinikar,
Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College, Sangli, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: Sonalikinikar@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Tooth fracture is one of the most undesirable phenomena in Endodontically Treated Teeth (ETT) and usually leads to tooth extraction. Basically, removal of any hard tissue from the canal walls raises the chance of root fracture.

Aim: To evaluate the impact of root canal taper on fracture resistance of ETT prepared by two different file systems (Hero Shaper and RaCe file systems).

Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Sangli and Praj Metallurgical Laboratory Pune, Maharashtra, India, frome February 2021 to November 2021. The study included 44 freshly extracted mandibular premolar teeth were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1a had Hero Shaper 4%, group 1b had 6% Hero Shaper, group 2a had RaCe 4% and group 2b had RaCe 6% file system. After cleaning and shaping the root canals, obturation was completed using cold lateral compaction and root canals were embedded in standardised autopolymerising acrylic resin blocks, subjected to a vertical load in universal testing machine to cause vertical root fracture. The forces required to induce fractures were measured in Newtons. Data was analysed by using independent t-test and two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test for intergroup comparison. A p-value≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: Among instrumented groups, group 1a (Hero Shaper 4%) showed higher fracture resistance of 372.5 Newtons and group 2b (RaCe 6%) showed lowest fracture resistance of 314.56 Newtons as compared to other groups. Statistically significant difference (p-value=0.026) was seen in the mean fracture resistance among group 1a and 1b, and group 2a and 2b. At pair-wise comparison there was statistically significant difference in group 1a and group 2a (p-value=0.016).

Conclusion: Amongst the instrumented groups, Hero Shaper file system showed the higher fracture resistance, than RaCe file system. Marked reduction in fracture resistance of ETT was seen with the use of greater taper instruments.

Keywords

Biomechanical preparation, File taper, Nickel-titanium rotary files, Root fracture, Stiffness of files, Universal testing machine

The susceptibility of endodontically treated teeth to fracture is mainly associated with excessive loss of tooth structure due to caries or trauma, access cavity preparation, dehydration of dentin, undesirable effects of irrigating solutions, excessive pressure during filling procedures, instrumentation with rotary files and preparation for intraradicular postspace (1),(2),(3),(4).

The introduction of Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloy has revolutionised root canal preparation over the past two decades. These instruments have much greater flexibility owing to their low elastic modulus and high torsional resistance (5). Rotary systems facilitate debridement of canals, and the higher instrument tapers with different file design, metallurgical alloys, and rotational motion lead to superior canal wall cleanliness and reduce the concerns regarding bacterial elimination of canal walls. However, there are some concerns regarding the excessive removal of radicular dentin because of increased instrumentation taper (1).

Hero Shaper (HS; Micro Méga, Besançon, France) is a second generation full-sequence system have the triple helix cross-section. The other modification is that the handle has been shortened to improve access, helix angle increases from the tip to shank to reduce threading pitch of blade which varies depending on the taper. By altering these parameters, it is said to increase the efficacy, the flexibility, and the strength of the instruments. Hero Shaper files have large inner core, a positive rake angle, and, incorporated into the design to increase the files efficacy and safety. A good number of studies on this system make it a baseline for the evaluation of rotary instruments (6),(7),(8).

The other system is the Reamer with Alternating Cutting Edges (RaCe) FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. The RaCe system consists of instruments that are manufactured from a conventional austenite NiTi electropolishing surface treatment and have a non cutting safety tip and triangular cross-sectional design except for smaller instruments (15/0.02 and 20/0.02). These smaller instruments have square cross-sectional design. Alternating cutting edges avoid the screwing effect and have the advantage of operating with extremely low torque. This instrument can produce centered canal shape and adequately clean and shape the canals (6),(7),(8).

The studies conducted by Sabeti M et al., Zandbiglari T et al., and Krikeli E et al., noticed decrease in fracture resistance with the use of increased tapered rotary instruments (1),(9),(10). However, studies done by Lam PP et al., and Hegde MN et al., concluded that increase in taper did not influence the fracture resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth (ETT) (11),(12).

To the best of authors knowledge there is only few scientific evidence that compared the effect of the two different files with two tapers on the fracture resistance of the teeth (1),(9),(10). Keeping in view the advances in file systems for cleaning and shaping, the present study proposed to evaluate and compare fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth prepared by Hero Shaper 4%, 6% and RaCe 4%, 6% file system.

Material and Methods

This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Sangli and Praj Metallurgical Laboratory Pune, Maharashtra, India, frome February 2021 to November 2021. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee on December 13th 2019 (Letter number - 2019-20/D-30).

The sample size was calculated from GPower Software using data obtained from previous studies (1),(9),(10). The calculated sample size was 11 per group.

Inclusion criteria: Mandibular premolar teeth with single root and single canal, non carious teeth with mature apex, teeth free of any defects were included in the study.

Exclusion criteria: Teeth with open apex, multiple canals, calcifications, fractures, or craze lines, curved roots were excluded from the study.

Sample Preparation

Single rooted 44 mandibular premolar teeth extracted for the orthodontic treatment were collected and stored in saline. Storage time for the teeth was limited to six months. Preoperative radiographs were taken to ensure inclusion criteria. All teeth were decoronated using a flexible diamond disk in a slow speed handpiece under copious amount of water coolant to standardised length of 13 mm as measured from the apex to the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ) (Table/Fig 1).

To standardise the working length, an instrument of size 10 k file was inserted into the canal till the tip of was first visualised at the apical foramen. The working length was determined by subtracting 1 mm from this length, and initial apical preparation of all teeth was done with No 15 K file. Then the teeth were randomly allocated to two groups of different file systems.

Group 1: Instrumentation with Hero shaper file system. Group 1 was divided into two groups:

• Group 1a): Instrumentation with 4% taper using Hero Shaper file system.
• Group 1b): Instrumentation with 6% taper using Hero Shaper file system.

Group 2: Instrumentation with RaCe file system. Group 2 was divided into two groups:

• Group 2a): Instrumentation with 4% Taper using RaCe file system
• Group 2b): Instrumentation with 6% Taper using RaCe file system

Study Procedure

The instrumentation was done by using X-Smart endomotor (Dentsply) as per manufacturer’s instructions. The canals with respective groups were enlarged to the size 30. Irrigation of the canals was done with 2 mL of 3% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) after each instrument.

The smear layer was removed by flushing the root canals with 5 mL 17% EDTA solution for 1 min. The canals was finally rinsed with 5 mL normal saline and dried with absorbent paper points. After drying, the canals were obturated using gutta percha and AH Plus (Dentsply) sealer, using cold lateral compaction technique. Excess gutta percha was removed from canal orifices using a hot plugger and postobturation radiographs was taken.

For all specimens, the root surface was covered with a paste of light body silicon-based impression material to simulate a periodontal ligament and kept in 100% humidity for 24 hour (Table/Fig 2). All roots were then mounted vertically in self cure acrylic resin block using custom made molds. The resistance offered was tested using the universal testing machine (Asian Universal testing machine) for root samples of all groups against vertical fracture.

A modified stainless-steel plunger (5 mm in diameter) was centered on root canal filling material and a compressive load was applied vertically at a crosshead speed 1 mm/min until fracture occurs. The fracture moment was determined when a sudden drop in a force occurred as observed on the testing machine display. The highest force required to fracture each sample was recorded in Newtons.

Statistical Analysis

The data was analysed with help of SPSS software version 20. Level of significance was kept at 5%. Comparison of fracture resistance of teeth among four groups (Hero Shaper 4%, Hero Shaper 6%, RaCe 4%, RaCe 6%) was done two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. Independent t-test was used to compare the mean and standard deviation among the groups.

Results

Among instrumented groups, group 1a (Hero Shaper 4%) showed higher fracture resistance of 372.5 and group 2b (RaCe 6%) showed lowest fracture resistance of 314.56 as compared to other groups. With the increase in taper of the rotary instrument, the fracture resistance of the teeth decreased. Root canal instrumented with 4% file system (group 1a and group 2a) showed higher fracture resistance as compared to their respective 6% file system (group 1b and group 2b) (Table/Fig 3).

For root canal instrumented with group 1a, the mean fracture resistance was found to be 372.500 N. Whereas, the mean fracture resistance for samples instrumented with group 2a was found to be 326.450 N. The difference was statistically significant (p-value =0.016). However, no statistically significant difference was present in- group 1a and 2a , and group 1b and 2b (p-value=0.074), and group 1a and 1b (p-value=0.061), and group 2a and 2b (p-value=0.510), group 2b and 1b group (p=0.384) (Table/Fig 4).

From the results of two-way ANOVA on comparing fracture resistance of teeth there was statistically significant difference (p-value=0.022) in the mean fracture resistance of teeth instrumented with Hero Shaper and RaCe file system groups. (Table/Fig 5). Hence, it can be inferred that the samples instrumented with Hero Shaper files showed greater fracture resistance as compared to RaCe file group (Table/Fig 6).

Discussion

In present study, among the instrumented groups, the Hero Shaper 4% exhibited highest fracture resistance. The reason might be that RaCe is stiffer than the Hero Shaper, causing more instrument memory, which in turn would remove more material (13). In present study samples instrumented with 4% Hero Shaper showed better fracture resistance. This finding may be a result of Hero Shaper instruments having a longer pitch and positive rake angles for better dentin cutting efficacy. The smaller taper also reduced instrument stiffness (6),(7),(8). Tooth fracture has been described as a major problem in dentistry, third most common cause of tooth loss after dental caries and periodontal disease [14,15]. It is proved that after the endodontic treatment, teeth become weaker than the untreated teeth and are known to present a higher risk of fracture failure. Hence, attention should be paid to unnecessary removal of dentin during endodontic treatment, in order to maintain the strength of the teeth (16). Historically, the increased brittleness of dentine due to loss of moisture is one of the prime reasons for the increased susceptibility of fracture in endodontically treated teeth (17).

Capar ID et al., in their study found that the HyFlex and ProTaper Next tend to cause fewer dentinal cracks when compared to ProTaper Universal instrument hence, stiffer instruments can increase the susceptibility of crack formation and propagation leading to various root fractures (18). In the present study, the teeth instrumented with 6% taper showed lower fracture resistance compared to 4% group (p-value=0.074). The results of the present study was in accordance with the studies conducted by Sabeti M et al., Zandbiglari T et al., and Krikeli E et al., who noticed decrease in fracture resistance with the use of increased tapered rotary instruments (1),(9),(10).

NiTi files shape the canal in a relatively safe manner and with a reduced incidence of iatrogenic errors and instrument fracture (19). Kim HC et al., reported a potential relationship between the design of NiTi instruments and the incidence of vertical root fracture and concluded that stiffer file designs generated higher stress concentrations in the apical root dentin during shaping of a curved canal (19). Excessive taper may results in excessive removal of dentin and further cause weakening of root, thereby reducing the fracture resistance of tooth (16). Stiffness is related to many factors like size, taper, cross-section, method of manufacturing, and the material out of which the instrument is made (8). The results of the present study are in accordance with Khatod K et al., Veltri M et al., and Yang GB et al., (7),(20),(21). Similar studies have been tabulated in (Table/Fig 7) (1),(7),(9),(10),(20),(21).

Limitation(s)

The age factor while collecting extracted teeth was not taken into account. Furthermore, the negative influence of root canal irrigants may have weakened the root dentin. Moreover, the method used for testing fracture load was static load in the study whereas in intraoral condition a dynamic load is applicable.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that endodontic instrumentation with RaCe file system showed significant decrease in fracture resistance than Hero Shaper 4% or 6% files. Highest fracture resistance was seen in Hero shaper 4% and least in RaCe 6%. The use of greater taper instruments caused marked reduction in fracture resistance of ETT and thereby questioning its usage. Further investigations into other types of newer NiTi instruments and in other groups of teeth may give further insights as to the effects of different rotary NiTi instruments on fracture resistance of teeth and predisposition to vertical root fracture.

References

1.
Sabeti M, Kazem M, Dianat O, Bahrololumi N, Beglou A, Rahimipour K, et al. Impact of access cavity design and root canal taper on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth: An ex-vivo investigation. J Endod. 2018;44(9):1402-06. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Tang W, Wu Y, Smales RJ. Identifying and reducing risks for potential fractures in endodontically treated teeth. J. Endod. 2010;36(4):609-17. [crossref] [PubMed]
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DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/58194.17231

Date of Submission: Jun 03, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Jul 19, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Sep 15, 2022
Date of Publishing: Jan 01, 2023

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? No
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. No

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jun 27, 2022
• Manual Googling: Aug 06, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Sep 14, 2022 (18%)

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