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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
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KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

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On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Case report
Year : 2023 | Month : January | Volume : 17 | Issue : 1 | Page : ZD19 - ZD21 Full Version

Full Mouth Rehabilitation of a Child with Aicardia-Goutières: A Rare Syndrome


Published: January 1, 2023 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2023/58913.17383
Pradnya Dileep Pathak, Preetam P Shah, Laxmi S Lakade, Maya U Shinde

1. Postgraduate Student, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University) Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India. 2. Professor, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University) Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India. 3. Associate Professor, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University) Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India. 4. Postgraduate Student, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University) Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Correspondence Address :
Pradnya Dileep Pathak,
Priyadars Hini Vihar, Trimurti Chowk, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: pathakpradnya333@gmail.com

Abstract

Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome (AGS) is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. AGS is characterised by an early-onset encephalopathy that usually, but not always, results in severe intellectual and physical disability. Involuntary muscular spasms between the ages of four months and four years are the typical starting point for Aicardi syndrome. Hepatosplenomegaly, increased liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia, and abnormal neurologic signs in a subgroup of AGS children at birth strongly imply congenital infection. Agenesis of the corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae, and seizures are all symptoms of Aicardi syndrome. They frequently exhibit the subacute onset of a severe encephalopathy that is characterised by intense irritability, sporadic sterile pyrexias, loss of abilities, and slowed head growth. In 40% of cases, skin lesions like chilblains can appear on the fingers, toes, and ears. This disease can be diagnosed with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) scans with the appearance of calcification of the basal ganglia. The associated behavioural challenges with syndromic patients demand pharmacological management of oral rehabilitation. The literature is scarce regarding the oral manifestations of this syndrome. Hence, authors present the successful full-mouth rehabilitation of severe Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in a 3-year-old child with AGS under General Anaesthesia (GA).

Keywords

Behaviour management, Congenital viral infection, Early childhood caries, Mimic of congenital infection, Oral manifestations

Case Report

A known case of a 3-year-old male patient with Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome-Type 3 reported with a chief complaint of multiple ulcers who had a history of fever since 15 days. History revealed painful recurrent oral ulcers with a frequency of appearance of two months, for which he was advised multivitamins by his paediatrician.

The prenatal history was non contributing to any genetic disorder. The parent’s marriage was third-degree consanguineous marriage. There was no fever or infection, and no drugs were taken by the mother during pregnancy. He has no siblings. Natal history revealed the presence of neonatal jaundice. Postnatal history of febrile seizures at six months of age and was hospitalised for two days for the same. Physical examination revealed dystonia and a squint. The child does not hold his neck and sits with support (Table/Fig 1). Milestone regression was seen since six months of age. Peripheral spasticity, dystonic posture (especially of the upper limbs), truncal hypotonia, and poor head control are common in those who are affected. Upto 50% of afflicted children report having seizures, however, they are typically manageable (1). It was the same in the present case characterised by severe neurological symptoms with a high-risk of seizures. The child was on medication (Levipil, Lorazepam, And Pacitane) with regular follow-ups.

The MRI brain, CT brain, and molecular genetics were advised as investigation procedures. MRI Brain showed-diffuse cerebral atrophy for age with cerebral myelination for age, calcific foci in the deep white matter of the left frontal lobe. CT brain showed-multiple calcific areas in bilateral frontoparietal, occipital lobes, and basal ganglia, which appear metabolic generalised cerebral atrophy (1).

With physical examination, clinical examination, and investigations the differential diagnosis was made as follows-

• TORCH [Toxoplasmosis, Others (syphilis, hepatitis B), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes simplex] congenital infections, Microcephaly-Intracranial Calcification Syndrome (MICS)-mainly the heterogeneous group of diseases.
• Band-like Calcification Polymicrogyria (BLC-PMG; pseudo-TORCH syndrome)-it has observation of polymicrogyria that differentiate from AGS that has never been reported with it.
• Hoyeraal Hreidarsson syndrome (a severe form of dyskeratosis) is associated with pancytopenia while some individual with AGS shows thrombocytopenia that usually resolves in the first few weeks of life.
• Neonatal lupus erythematosus, Cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts.

Genetic analysis showed homozygous autosomal recessive chromosome 11 Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome Type 3 (Table/Fig 2). The final diagnosis was made as generalised cerebral atrophy with AGS-Type 3 with global developmental delay.

On intraoral examination, small multiple ulcers were seen on the lower lip and buccal mucosa, which were diagnosed as multiple aphthous ulcers. Teeth showed debris, plaque accumulation, multiple carious teeth, gingivitis, and overall oral hygiene was poorly maintained.

Dental treatment was deferred till the resolution of oral ulcers. Till that time patient was on an antibiotic course, multivitamins, and local application of the topical anaesthetic gel. The child was not responsive to verbal commands and falls in the definitively negative category of Frankel’s behaviour rating scale. The preoperative intraoral examination was done by restraining the child. Intraoral examination revealed pulp involvement of 51,52,54,61,62,64,71,72,74,75,81,82,84 teeth. Dental caries with 55,53,63,65,85. Grade II mobility with 71 (Table/Fig 3),(Table/Fig 4). The Intraoral Periapical Radiographs (IOPA) were taken and the final diagnosis of severe ECC was confirmed (Table/Fig 5). Complete rehabilitation was planned treatment and parental informed consent was obtained for the same.

A Preanaesthetic Check-up (PAC) was performed and categorised in American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) III. The anesthesiologist categorised him under high-risk for general anaesthesia as the child suffers from febrile seizures and severe neurological disorders. Initially, parents were counselled and dietary instructions were given.

After the due appointment, the patient was admitted to the Bharati Hospital Pune and taken up for full mouth rehabilitation under GA with nasal intubation. In the corrective phase, the treatment of endodontically involved teeth and restoration of teeth were done. Pulpectomies were done with 51,52,54,61,62,64,72,74,75,81,82,84 teeth followed by composite restoration. The surgical phase consisted of the extraction of unrestorable teeth, 71. Glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations was done with 55,53,63,65,85 (Table/Fig 6),(Table/Fig 7),(Table/Fig 8). The child was extubated and shifted to Postanaesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and later shifted to the paediatric ward. After a day, the patient was discharged from the hospital with no swelling, pain, or fever symptoms. Regular follow-up after eight days for the postoperative evaluation was done. Further, a follow-up every three months will be done to evaluate for oral health.

Discussion

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, a rare syndrome is a disorder that mainly affects the brain, the immune system, and the skin. Most newborns with this syndrome do not show any signs or symptoms of the disorder. However, about 20% are born with a combination of features that include hepatosplenomegaly, elevated blood levels of liver enzymes, thrombocytopenia, and neurological abnormalities. It is sometimes called a “mimic of congenital infection.” as it shows similar signs and symptoms to Congenital viral infection (2). This autosomal recessive disorder is characterised by the onset of encephalopathy in the first year of life following normal early development. Extreme irritability, intermittent unexplained fever, chilblains, progressive microcephaly, stiffness, dystonia, and severe psychomotor retardation are all symptoms of the suffering kid. Similarly, in the present case child is unable to stand, has irritable behaviour, and does not hold the body straight. According to laboratory tests, the cerebral fluid has lymphocytosis and elevated levels of alpha-interferon (3). The review of the literature shows that it is extremely rare and the exact prevalence of this disorder is unknown. This syndrome can be categorised into type 1 to type 7 (4). It has been estimated about 300 and 500 cases of Aicardi syndrome reported worldwide inclusive of all types (5) .

The AGS shows two forms: an early-onset and a later-onset. The diagnosis of AGS is established with typical clinical findings and characteristic abnormalities in cranial CT (calcification of the basal ganglia and white matter) and MRI (leukodystrophic changes); AND/OR by identification of one of the following: Biallelic pathogenic variants in ADAR, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, or TREX1 (6),(7). AGS3 is caused by a mutation in the RNASEH2C gene which was evident after genetic testing of the child. Wu D et al., reported that the AGS case of a 6-month-old Chinese girl with the novel TREX1 variants lead AGS for the first time (7). However, as per our literature search, this is the first case report relating to the dental manifestations and management of a child patient with AGS Type 3. Due to poor oral hygiene, a soft diet, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and greater usage of sugary oral medications, children with this disorder are more likely to develop oral symptoms such as ECC. Behavioural challenges associated due to mental retardation demands pharmacological management of oral rehabilitation (8).

General anaesthesia was the choice for treating unmanageable children. The great challenge in planning such a patient under GA is the child’s fitness and the associated risk. Therefore, assessing medical readiness in such cases is crucial and implementing an appropriate treatment strategy.

Conclusion

In Paediatric Dentistry, we often encounter children with special healthcare needs or who suffer from syndromes, which usually seem detached and non communicative. In the present case, there was an urgent need for dental management to improve the child’s general health. Hence, pharmacological behaviour management (General Anaesthesia) improved quality, as well as complete oral healthcare in a single visit. Here, a multidisciplinary strategy aids in the child’s complete oral rehabilitation as well as long-term success in therapeutic and preventive care.

References

1.
Rice G, Newman WG, Dean J, Patrick T, Parmar R, Flintoff K, et al. Heterozygous mutations in TREX1 cause familial chilblain lupus and dominant Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;80(4):811-15. [crossref] [PubMed]
2.
Vogt J, Agrawal S, Ibrahim Z, Southwood TR, Philip S, Macpherson L, et al. Striking intrafamilial phenotypic variability in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome associated with the recurrent Asian founder mutation in RNASEH2C. Am J Med Genet A. 2013;161A (2):338-42. Doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35712. Epub 2013 Jan 15. PMID: 23322642. [crossref] [PubMed]
3.
Hopkins B, Sutton VR, Lewis RA, Van den Veyver I, Clark G. Neuroimaging aspects of Aicardi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A(22):2871-78. [crossref] [PubMed]
4.
Schneider A. Aicardi Syndrome. In: NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2003:509-10.
5.
Crow YJ. Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome. 2005 Jun 29 [updated 2016 Nov 22]. In: Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-22. PMID: 20301648.
6.
Rice GI, Forte GM, Szynkiewicz M, Chase DS, Aeby A, Abdel-Hamid MS, et al. Assessment of interferon-related biomarkers in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome associated with mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, and ADAR: A case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(12):1159- 69. Doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70258-8. Epub 2013 Oct 30. PMID: 24183309; PMCID: PMC4349523.
7.
Wu D, Fang L, Huang T, Ying S. Case report: Aicardi-Goutières syndrome caused by novel TREX1 variants. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:634281. [crossref] [PubMed]
8.
Jain S, Rathi N, Thosar N, Baliga S, Bhansali P, Rathi K, et al. Full mouth rehabilitation of a pediatric patient under general anaesthesia-A case report. Medical Science. 2020;24(101), 22-25.

DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/58913.17383

Date of Submission: Jul 06, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Aug 10, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Oct 29, 2022
Date of Publishing: Jan 01, 2023

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. Yes

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jul 07, 2022
• Manual Googling: Aug 09, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Oct 28, 2022 (14%)

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