Article in PDF
How to Cite
Citation Manager
Readers' Comments (0)
Audio Visual Article Statistics
Link
to PUBMED
Print this Article
Send to a Friend
Advertisers
Access Statistics Resources
Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Facial Measurements and Their Correlation with Vertical Dimension of Occlusion in Dentate Subjects: An Anthropometric Analysis
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Sandeep Garg,
Head, Department of Prosthodontics, MMCDSR, MMDU, Ambala-133203, Haryana, India.
E-mail: drsgargmmu@gmail.com
Introduction: In the field of prosthodontics, there lies a delicate balance between the preservation of supporting structures and the restoration of physiological function while providing complete denture prostheses to completely edentulous patients. A good prosthesis requires appropriate recording of the proper maxillo-mandibular relationship, including the vertical dimension of occlusion, which is a crucial step in complete denture fabrication. The reliability of anthropometric methods to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion has been widely discussed in the literature.
Aim: To evaluate the correlation of various facial measurements with the vertical dimension of occlusion in dentate subjects.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics at a Dental College in Ambala district of Haryana, India, from February 2021 to July 2023. A total of 100 subjects (50 females and 50 males) within the age range of 20-35 years were selected. Five facial parameters were selected to correlate with the vertical dimension of occlusion: the distance from glabella to subnasion, the distance from the outer canthus of one eye to the inner canthus of the other eye, the distance from the outer canthus to the rima oris, the distance from the outer canthus to the External Auditory Meatus (EAM) on the left side of the face, and the Interpupillary Distance (IPD). Facial measurements were recorded using a digital vernier calliper, while IPD was recorded using a PD ruler. Each measurement was made three times and recorded by a single operator. Once recorded, all the measurements were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. Regression analysis was also conducted to formulate a regression equation for determining the vertical dimension of occlusion.
Results: The mean Vertical Dimension of Occlusion (VDO) for males was 59.29±6.48 mm, and for females, it was 52.34±5.92 mm. The results showed a positive and significant (p-value<0.05) correlation between the vertical dimension of occlusion and facial measurements such as glabella to subnasion (p-value for males: 0.001, p-value for females: <0.001), outer canthus to inner canthus (p-value for males: 0.01, p-value for females: <0.001), outer canthus to rima oris (p-value for males: <0.001, p-value for females: <0.001), and outer canthus to EAM (p-value for males: 0.007, p-value for females: 0.001) in both males and females. However, there was no significant correlation between IPD and VDO (p-value for males: 0.296, p-value for females: 0.66) in both genders.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that facial measurements could be taken into consideration for determining the vertical dimension of occlusion in completely edentulous patients in conjunction with other reliable methods.
Craniofacial landmarks, Intercanthal distance, Interpupillary distance, Vertical jaw relation
Complete dentures should restore physiological function while still preserving the supporting structures (1). To achieve this goal, it becomes imperative to accurately record jaw relations, including the vertical dimension (2). According to the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms (GPT), occlusal vertical dimension indicates the superior-inferior relationship of the maxilla and mandible when the teeth are occluded in maximum intercuspation, while the vertical dimension at rest is defined as the distance between two selected points when the mandible is in a physiologic rest position (3). Inaccurate recording of the vertical dimension can lead to an increase or decrease in lower facial height, Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ) disorder, myofacial pain, trauma to the underlying tissues, muscle fatigue, and impaired phonetics (4).
Various pre-extraction and postextraction methods are used to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous patients. Pre-extraction methods include intraoral measurements, profile tracing, and cephalometric analysis. Pre-extraction records can be valuable, but the availability of pre-extraction records is not always possible. Postextraction methods include mandibular rest position, facial aesthetics and appearance, anthropometric measurements, existing dentures, phonetics, and swallowing methods (4). Physiological rest position and swallowing are the most commonly used methods but have often been criticised (1). The cephalometric method is an objective method that can be used but is 2D and static (1). Silverman MM reported that measuring the occlusal vertical dimension by the phonetic method can only be applied in Class-I relationship (5). Since postextraction methods have revealed controversies, no individual method is reliable, and a combination of methods is recommended (4).
The reliability of anthropometric methods to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion has been widely discussed in the literature. Anthropometric measurements were first observed by Leonardo da Vinci, who provided simple ratios for drawing the face. They were later utilised by Wills, Ivy, and Goodfriend as a simple, cost-effective, and non invasive technique. Goodfriend suggested that the distance between the pupil of the eye and the corner of the mouth was closely related to the distance from subnasion to gnathion. This idea was popularised by Willis. Fenn HRB et al., later proposed the use of the angle from the eye to the angle of the mouth distance as a guide to correct the vertical dimension of occlusion (6). Chou TM et al., in their study, concluded that the eye-ear distance is reliable in predicting the vertical dimension of occlusion if measured from the subnasale to menton distance. The authors also proposed an equation for more accurate measurements (7). Delic Z et al., also recommended the eye-ear distance as a method to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion (8). These observations were confirmed by Abdul RM in Iraqi adults and by Alhajj MN et al., in Yemeni males and females (9),(10).
Many studies have been conducted in the past to assess the reliability of using anthropometric measurements to determine vertical dimensions in edentulous patients, with no definitive conclusion (1),(2),(7),(8),(9),(10). A clear understanding is required to find the correlation between facial measurements and the vertical dimension of occlusion. Therefore, the present study was planned to determine the consistency of various facial measurements and their relation to the vertical dimension of occlusion in dentate patients.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics at a Dental College in Ambala district of Haryana, India, from February 2021-July 2021. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee before commencing the study (Ethical number-1783, dated 22/01/2021). Patients and students aged between 20-35 years who reported to the Department and were willing to participate in the study were examined and included, considering the following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Written consent was obtained from the participants.
Inclusion criteria:
• Subjects with full dentition (atleast 28 natural permanent teeth).
• Subjects with Class-I molar relationship.
• Subjects with a symmetrical face and straight profile.
• Subjects with no history of facial injury.
Exclusion criteria:
• Subjects who had undergone Orthodontic treatment.
• Subjects with neurological diseases pertaining to the eye, orbit, or any craniofacial deformity.
Sample size calculation: The sample size was calculated using G Power software (version 3.0.10). Based on the calculated effect size of 0.3 (6), 5% level of precision, 95% confidence level, and 90% power of the study, the minimum sample size required was 88, which was rounded up to 100. Therefore, a total of 100 dentate subjects, consisting of 50 males and 50 females, were included in the study.
Study Procedure
Once selected, the subjects were given an explanation about the aim and procedure of the study. The subjects were seated on the dental chair with proper head and back support. They were asked to look straight, and their head was adjusted so that the mandible was parallel to the floor. To record facial measurements, specific soft tissue points on the subject’s face were palpated and marked with an indelible pencil (Table/Fig 1).
1. Glabella (G): The highest prominent point between the eyebrows and above the nose.
2. Subnasion (S): The point of the angle between the septum of the nose and the surface of the upper lip in the midsagittal plane.
3. Menton (M): The lowest midpoint of the chin.
4. Outer canthus of the eye (O): The lateral corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids join.
5. Inner canthus of the eye (I): The medial corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids join.
5. Rima oris (R): The corner of the mouth.
7. Anterior most point of the External Auditory Meatus (EAM) (8).
The subjects were asked to lightly bite on their posterior teeth in occlusion, and measurements were made using a digital vernier calliper and a PD ruler (in the case of IPD). All measurements were recorded by a single operator, and each measurement was recorded three times to minimise errors. The following facial measurements were recorded (Table/Fig 2),(Table/Fig 3),(Table/Fig 4).
1. Subnasion (Sn)-Menton (M) distance.
2. Glabella (G)-Subnasion (Sn) distance.
3. Outer canthus (O)-Inner canthus (I) distance.
4. Outer canthus (O)-Rima oris (R) distance.
5. Outer canthus (O)-EAM distance.
6. Interpupillary Distance (IPD).
Once recorded, all measurements were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis to determine any association between the vertical dimension of occlusion (subnasion-menton distance) and other facial measurements (6),(10),(11).
Statistical Analysis
For statistical evaluation, the data were tabulated and analysed using the statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 21.0, IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated, and the level of statistical significance was set at a p-value less than 0.05.
The mean Vertical Dimension of Occlusion (VDO) for males was 59.29±6.48 mm, and for females, it was 52.34±5.92 mm. The results for various craniofacial measurements for both male and female patients are presented in (Table/Fig 5).
Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the vertical dimension of occlusion and all other craniofacial measurements, except for IPD (Table/Fig 6). The outer canthus to Rima Oris (O-R) distance showed the strongest correlation with the vertical dimension of occlusion (Sn-M), with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.691 in females (p-value <0.001) and 0.620 in males (p-value <0.001).
In regression analysis, VDO was found to be significant with all craniofacial measurements, except for IPD (p-value=0.66 in females, p=0.296 in males) (Table/Fig 7). Regression equations were derived for each significant parameter and are provided in (Table/Fig 8). The vertical dimension of occlusion can be determined from facial measurements using these regression equations.
Despite advancements in materials and techniques, there is still no single method available for dentists to assess the vertical dimension of occlusion. Clinical judgement plays a crucial role in determining this important component of complete denture construction. With this in mind, the present study aimed to identify any correlation between vertical dimensions of occlusion and various anthropometric facial measurements. In the present study, the mean value of the vertical dimension of occlusion (subnasion to menton) was 59.29±6.48 mm for males and 52.34±5.92 mm for females. The mean value of the vertical dimension of occlusion was found to be greater in males compared to females. Ladda R et al., also reported similar findings in their study on the Indian population, where the vertical dimension of occlusion was greater in males (61.4 mm+4.2) than in females (56.7+3) (11).
A strong positive correlation was found between the outer canthus to rima oris distance and the vertical dimension of occlusion in both males and females (p-value<0.05). Similar findings were reported by Majeed MI et al., who conducted a study on the Pakistani population and suggested that the outer canthus to rima oris distance could be used to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous patients (12). Positive correlations were also found between the glabella to subnasion distance and the outer canthus to inner canthus distance, and the vertical dimension of occlusion in both males and females (p-value<0.05). These findings are consistent with a study by Brar A et al., who investigated six different facial measurements and concluded that the vertical dimension of occlusion had a strong positive correlation with the glabella to subnasion distance (1). McGee GF also conducted a similar study using three facial measurements and found that all three measurements, including the distance from the centre of the pupil to the stomion, glabella to subnasion, and from one corner of the mouth to the other, were equal to each other and corresponded to the vertical dimension of occlusion and remained constant through ones life (13).
Regarding the outer canthus to EAM distance, a positive correlation was found between this facial measurement and the vertical dimension of occlusion in both males and females (p-value<0.05). These results align with Nagpal A et al., who suggested that the outer canthus to ear distance could be used to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion in patients without pre-extraction records (14). Similar results were achieved by Chou TM et al., and Delic Z et al., (7),(8). On regression analysis, a significant regression equation was found with the outer canthus to EAM distance. For males, the equation was 19.469+0.533 (O-EAM), while for females, the equation was 13.981+0.539 (O-EAM).
Regarding IPD, no significant correlation was found between this parameter and the vertical dimension of occlusion in both males and females (p-value>0.05). These results are consistent with Majeed MI et al., who conducted a study on 300 dentate subjects and recommended against using IPD to measure the vertical dimension of occlusion in the Pakistani population (12).
Limitation(s)
The subjects selected for the study represented only a portion of North India, so the findings cannot be generalised to the entire population. Future studies could focus on involving multiple centres from different parts of the country to provide more comprehensive results. Additionally, since the present study was conducted on dentate subjects to determine the relationship and linear regression equation, further studies are required to cross-verify the results of these linear equations when fabricating dentures for completely edentulous patients.
Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that craniofacial measurements such as glabella to subnasion, outer canthus to inner canthus, outer canthus to rima oris, and outer canthus to EAM can be used to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion. These measurements showed significant correlations (p<0.05) in both males and females. Regression equations, as depicted in (Table/Fig 7), have been provided, which can be used to calculate the vertical dimension in the population under consideration. Since no significant correlation was found between the vertical dimensions of occlusion and interpupillary distance in both males and females, it is not recommended to use interpupillary distance as a measure of the vertical dimension.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/65242.18657
Date of Submission: May 05, 2023
Date of Peer Review: Jul 07, 2023
Date of Acceptance: Sep 08, 2023
Date of Publishing: Nov 01, 2023
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. Yes
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: May 03, 2023
• Manual Googling: Jul 22, 2023
• iThenticate Software: Sep 06, 2023 (18%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
EMENDATIONS: 7
- Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
- Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
- Academic Search Complete Database
- Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
- Embase
- EBSCOhost
- Google Scholar
- HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
- Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
- Journal seek Database
- Popline (reproductive health literature)
- www.omnimedicalsearch.com