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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Effect of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles on the Flexural Strength of all Ceramics-An In-vitro Study
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Kasim Mohamed,
Head, Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: yogitajuly93@gmail.com
Introduction: Desirable properties of monolithic ceramics like strength, stability at high temperatures, high stiffness has made it useful for biomedical, electronic, automotive, industrial, defence and space applications. The brittle nature and mechanical unreliability of monolithic ceramics limit their use.
Aim: To evaluate, if there is an increase in flexural strength of all ceramics incorporated with graphene nanoparticles.
Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from February 2021 to April 2021, where 20 specimens of all ceramic dimensions of 20×5×3 (20 mm in length, 5 mm in width, 3 mm in thickness) according to American Dental Association (ADA) specification number 69, 1991 for flexural strength were grouped into group A (Control) with no Graphene Oxide (GO), group B with GO added. A universal testing machine with a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min and a span length of 15 mm was used to load the specimen in the centre. To compare the flexural strength of the two groups, the Mann Whitney U-test was used. Normality was the data assessed using Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Results: The results show that there was a significant difference (p=0.001) in the mean flexural strength between the groups. Group B had the highest mean flexural strength of 562.61 MPa, while Group A had the lowest of 458.61 MPa.
Conclusion: The results concluded that, all ceramics incorporated with graphene nanoparticles showed superior flexural strength.
Crowns, Dental ceramics, Dental materials, Fixed partial denture, Mechanical properties
Ceramics, due to their ability to mimic the optical characteristics of enamel and dentine as well as for their biocompatibility and chemical durability, are widely used in dentistry. In 1789, de Chemant patented the first porcelain tooth material (1). Dr. Charles Land introduced one of the first ceramic crowns to dentistry in 1903. These crowns had excellent aesthetics, but the disadvantage of these all ceramics was chipping of the veneer porcelain from its core, which resulted in minute fractures in the restoration (1),(2). This occurred due to the low flexural strength of porcelain. Unfortunately, it also had issues such as a lifeless appearance and poor marginal fit. To address these issues, high-strength and aesthetically pleasing ceramics such as aluminum and zirconium oxide were developed (3).
While metal/ceramic bilayers are still considered the gold standard for Fixed Partial Dentures (FPDs), much research has been done to achieve the same level of excellence in all-ceramic systems (4),(5),(6). The low biocompatibility and translucency of metals compared to ceramics have contributed to the use of it, as an infrastructure material for multi-layer restorations (5). However, based on the systematic review by Sailer I et al., metal-ceramic FPD’s exhibited significant higher survival rates at five years when compared with all-ceramic FPD’s. The fracture of the veneering ceramic is the most common cause for failure of FPD’s made out of glass-ceramics or glass-infiltrated ceramics (6). This was a major limitation for their unrestricted use in Prosthodontics. Thus with advent of monolithic ceramics, the use of all ceramic aesthetic prosthesis had evolved. The advantageous properties like high stiffness, strength and stability at elevated temperatures, make monolithic ceramics favourable for biomedical, electronic, automotive, industrial, defence and space applications. The brittle nature and mechanically unreliability, thus, limits the use of monolithic ceramics (7).
With the advances in technology and material sciences, a number of techniques have been put forward to improve the performance of materials. Nanotechnology, which is called “Manufacturing technology of the 21st century,” is one of the technologies that manipulate substances on a scale of 100 nm or less to create many materials with various physical properties and functions. In the last years, there has been a continuous research and progress in prosthetic material field for dental ceramics. Zirconia reinforced-Lithium Silicate ceramics (ZLS) were introduced to overcome the shortcomings of the lithium disilicate ceramics (7). To date, data on mechanical properties and clinical performance of ZLS are still limited and often controversial (8),(9),(10),(11),(12).
Graphene, a two dimensional single layer sp2 hybridised carbon atoms with hexagonal-packed configuration has been studied extensively to enhance performances of materials due to their unique properties (13). Moreover, it possesses exceptional physicochemical, optical, and mechanical properties (14). Since then, research efforts have focused on unearthing potential applications, including various biomedical applications such as drug carriers, contrast agents, biosensors, bimolecular analysis, and scaffolds for tissue engineering (15). Its excellent mechanical properties, extreme chemical stability, superior biocompatibility, good antibacterial properties, and favourable tribological properties, all contribute to reduced wear and friction. It is only a single atomic layer thick, and therefore, the world’s thinnest material, yet 200 times stronger than steel (16). Latest studies have shown that graphene and graphene-based composites (especially GO) possess a series of merits like large surface area, excellent elasticity and ductility, good biocompatibility, and exceptional mechanical strength (14),(16),(17). While research and development of graphene based dental biomaterials are at nascent stage, their idiosyncratic properties and the potential to be discreetly or combinedly functionalised with biomaterials pave way for several unique clinical applications. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of addition of graphene nanoparticles on the flexural strength of dental ceramics.
This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, where 20 from February 2021 to April 2021.
Inclusion criteria: All ceramic specimens, in accordance with the ADA specification number 69, 1991, for testing the flexural strength of dental ceramic, were included in the study.
Exclusion criteria: All other specimens of all ceramics not fulfilling the above criteria, were excluded from the study.
Study Procedure
A sample of 10 for each group was prepared. The samples were made with a wax patter of standardised dimensions measuring: 20×5×3 (20 mm in length, 5 mm in breadth, 3 mm in width) in accordance with ADA specification number 69, 1991 for testing the flexural strength of dental ceramic (3),(18). The wax pattern was made with indentation in the centre measuring 2 mm in thickness and 10 mm in length (Table/Fig 1), so that pressed ceramic substructure can be layered. The control group was layered with ceramics and the test group was layered with ceramics incorporated with 0.10 grams of GO (Table/Fig 2) (17). GO was obtained from BT Corp Generic Nano Pvt. Ltd., India, in powder form mixed along VITA VM 9 was used in the test group.
The twenty samples were divided into two groups: Group A (n=10)-Control (ceramic block) and Group B (n=10)-test sample (ceramic block incorporated with 0.10 grams of GO) (Table/Fig 3). In the present in-vitro study, VITA PM 9 (ceramic ingots) was used as substructure and layered with VITA VM 9 for the control and the substructure was layered with VITA VM 9 incorporated with GO for the test group. All the specimens were subjected to three-point bend test performed with universal testing machine (Table/Fig 4). The load was applied at the centre of the specimen with a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min and a span length of 15 mm, recording the ultimate load resulting specimen fracture.
Statistical Analysis
The Mann Whitney U-test was used to compare the flexural strength between the two groups. Normality was the data assessed using Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The analyses were performed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
The mean values for flexural strength in megapascals for all groups are shown in (Table/Fig 5). There was a statistically significant difference in the flexural strength between lithium disilicate ceramic VITA VM 9 substructure, layered with VITA VM 9 for group A and substructure layered with GO incorporated ceramics for group B (p-value=0.001). Group B had the highest mean flexural strength, while the lowest is seen in group A.
All ceramics are commonly used material in the fields of Prosthodontics. But, it shows weak physical and mechanical properties [19,20]. Many experiments have been undertaken to improve the flexural strength of all ceramics, in order to prevent the fracture and clinical failure (21),(22). There was a scope for improvement and experimentation as these tests showed inconclusive results which were clinically inapplicable.
Nanoparticles are used based on the principle that reduction of filler size is known to increase the mechanical properties of all ceramics (23). In the present research, GO is used to improve the flexural strength due to their dispersibility in the ceramic matrix. They show good dispersion and good adhesion to polymers, indicating chemical compatibility and creation of chemical bonds between the surface and polymer (23). Incorporating GO into Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), enhanced mechanical properties and increases in volumetric stability during polymerisation, clinically applicable drug-free antimicrobial adhesion properties of GO-PMMA complexes have been evaluated (24). An Y et al., and Song J et al., studied the mechanical properties of a PMMA-based dental composite reinforced with GO incorporated into PMMA by ultrasonic dispersion in liquid phase followed by mechanical milling. The results showed that the presence of GO made PMMA harder and more resistant (25),(26).
The GO is used since it reduces the adherence of biomolecules, aids in achieving better aesthetics, has antimicrobial properties and improves mechanical properties of all ceramics (27). The amount of GO concentration used in the present study was restricted to 0.10 grams. The addition of GO has significant increase in the flexural strength of all ceramics. Better marginal adaptability of all ceramics crowns incorporated with GO could be observed due to increase in flexion, with no considerable change in compressive strength. Graphene possesses a combination of large surface area, two dimensional high aspect ratio sheet geometry, and outstanding mechanical properties making it the most promising nanofiller composite materials (28),(29),(30),(31),(32). A number of studies using polymer-based matrices have shown that graphene fillers can significantly improve the mechanical properties of polymers at relatively low nanofiller loading (33),(34),(35),(36),(37),(38).
The modification of ceramics by the addition of graphene nanoparticles, can be effectively brought about by powder incorporation, sintering consolidation and colloidal dispersion. Despite the different chemical properties of graphene, successful dispersion aids in strengthening (39),(40),(41). A larger area of contact and possibly greater bond strength, between the graphene and the ceramic grains, reduces the crack propagation along grain boundaries attributes to the two dimensional sheet-like structure of graphene (23),(40),(41). This property of GO had proved to strengthen the material, which attributes to significant improvement in the flexural strength of all ceramics. However, the dispersion of GO molecules can only be assessed with a scanning electron microscope. Additionally, the antimicrobial efficacy and the improvement in translucency conferred by GO, were not within the purview of the present study.
Limitation(s)
Despite the increase in the flexural strength, the tested samples were not subjected to other tests like fractographic analysis to examine the location, orientation, extent of cracking and dispersion of GO. Within the limitations, clinical trials with larger sample sizes are required to extrapolate these results for their clinical use.
Graphene nanoparticles can be functionalised and combined with several biomolecules and biomaterials. It holds a great potential, in enhancing the existing biomaterials with superior properties and new capabilities. Addition of GO to all ceramics, brought about a significant improvement in the flexural strength, thus, diversifying its usage and reducing the incidence of marginal failures. Due to the lacunae of the “perfect” material, that can be applied universally to all clinical situations, GO could aid as a breakthrough in the field of material science. Ultimately, the use of engineered graphene-based nanomaterials in dentistry, could lead to reliable dental treatments in the near future and therefore, deserves profound examination.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/58667.17478
Date of Submission: Jun 25, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Jul 30, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Nov 25, 2022
Date of Publishing: Feb 01, 2023
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? NA
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
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