Article in PDF
How to Cite
Citation Manager
Readers' Comments (0)
Audio Visual Article Statistics
Link
to PUBMED
Print this Article
Send to a Friend
Advertisers
Access Statistics Resources
Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Research Protocol
Full Version
Comparative Assessment of Commercially Available and Silver Dioxide Surface Modified Fixed Orthodontic Lingual Retainer for its Anti-adherent and Anti-bacterial Properties: A Research Protocol for an In-vitro study
Correspondence Address :
Anjali Sudhakar Kathade,
102, Department of Orthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: anjalikathade001@gmail.com
Introduction: Enamel gets demineralised when they get exposed to acidic environment. Very common issue seen after orthodontic treatment is white spot lesion and also there is a chance of inflammation in periodontal fibres if the fixed lingual retainer is given to the patient. Furthermore, it enhances the plaque and calculus accumulation. So, to minimise these deleterious effects, lingual retainer is modified by surface coating with silver dioxide which shows anti-bacterial and anti-adhesive properties.
Aim: To assess the anti-adherent and anti-bacterial properties of silver dioxide (AgO2) surface modified Orthodontic lingual retainer against S.mutans.
Materials and Methods: This in-vitro cross-sectional study will use 60 orthodontic lingual retainer specimens. The samples will be divided into four groups for testing with 15 specimens in each group. The samples will be divided into four groups: two control groups with commercially available lingual retainer will be used for assessing anti-bacterial and anti-adhesion properties and other two will be of surface treated lingual retainer for testing. Bacterial strains will be taken with sample size 15 in each group then the preparation of photocatalytic silver dioxide coated orthodontic lingual retainer. Even coating will be ensured by sputtering technique and thickness of coating will be 50-60 nm. Chi-square test will be used to analyse differences in categorical variables.
Expected outcome: The photocatalytic (AgO2) coated retainer will reduce the bacterial accumulation and adhesion.
Conclusion: Surface modification of lingual retainers with photocatalytic AgO2 will reduce the bacterial adhesion which can be used to prevent the formation of dental plaque and demineralisation orthodontic treatment, thereby preventing demineralisation of enamel and periodontal breakdown.
Demineralisation, Enamel surface, Surface coating, Streptococcus mutans, Sputtering technique
Enamel demineralisation, often known as white spot lesions, is a common unintended consequence of orthodontic therapy. Because of their inherent morphologic abnormalities, the oral environment with fixed appliance provides perfect circumstances for microbial colonisation. Patients struggle to keep up with proper dental hygiene, and the appliance gives extra places for bacteria to bind and proliferate. As a result of the increased plaque accumulation and retention areas, the patient is more likely to experience enamel demineralisation around the appliance (1).
As they are attached to the dentition upon orthodontic treatment, lingual retainers, among other fixed orthodontic appliances, may play an important role in enamel demineralisation. This appliance provides a distinct environment that makes cleaning tooth surfaces challenging (2). Gjermo P et al., in his study showed that on brackets to decrease white spot lesion and to prevent accumulation of plaque (3). However, orthodontic brackets are in the oral cavity for not more than two years and lingual retainer are given as permanent retention post treatment and they are exposed to oral environment and have higher chances of accumulation of plaque which may further lead to demineralisation.
The tooth wipe is a modality that has been identified as an appropriate adjunct aid to mechanical plaque removal and oral hygiene maintenance in children (4). Different anti-bacterial solutions in the form of mouthwash were also used to reduce plaque and related disease caused by Streptococcus mutans (5). However, they have drawbacks such as tooth staining, vomiting, or diarrhoea (6). Specifically, chlorhexidine mouthwash is effective in controlling gingival inflammation when used in conjunction with tooth brushing, but if used for an extended period of time, it may cause staining and a temporary change in taste (7). Some corrosion of brackets and wires can occur due to mouthwashes being used. The physical properties of the wire deteriorate, and nickel ions are released, which are toxic and allergic to some patients (8).
A study has been demonstrated by Mhaske AR et al., where in orthodontic wires were coated with silver to evaluate anti-adherent and anti-bacterial properties against lactobacillus acidophilus. Result showed that surface modification of orthodontic wire can prevent accumulation of bacteria as compared to uncoated one (9).
Choi JY et al., went a step further in this direction by trying to demonstrate that the addition of Silver to Titanium metal appears to result in a synergistic enhancement of photocatalytic anti-bacterial effect against S mutans. They concluded that TiO2-coated metal photocatalyst reactions had antibacterial activity against S mutans. Anodic oxidation developed a TiO2 film with superior anti-bacterial properties to thermal oxidation (10). There has been no research into the anti-bacterial and anti-adherent properties of a fixed orthodontic lingual retainer coated with silver dioxide (AgO2). Thus, the proposed study will assess the anti-adherent and anti-bacterial properties of a surface-modified orthodontic lingual retainer coated with Silver di-oxide. The research protocol have been formulated with the aim to assess and compare the anti-adherent and anti-bacterial properties of commercially available and surface modified silver dioxie coated orthodontic lingual retainer against Streptococcus mutans. The protocol is made wth an aim to assess and compare the anti-adherent properties and anti-bacterial properties amongst surface modified silver dioxide coated orthodontic lingual retainer versus uncoated lingual retainer.
This protocol will be a in-vitro cross-sectional study which will be conducted in Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopaedic Department of Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, from April 2023 for an estimated time period of one year, after obtaining the approval of the Institutional Ethical Committee [Ref. no. DMIMS(DU)/IEC/2022/747]. The study will use 60 orthodontic lingual retainer specimens. The samples will be divided into four groups for testing, 15 specimens will be included in each group.
The uncoated lingual retainer groups will serve as the control group for their respective coated lingual retainer experimental group. A sputtering machine with photocatalytic silver di-oxide will be used to modify the surface of the orthodontic lingual retainer. The film thickness of 15-20 mm and even coating will be ensued by sputtering technique (1). Microbiological assays will be used to evaluate the anti-adherent and antibacterial properties of the photocatalytic AgO2 coating.
Group 1: Control group - It will consist of 15 uncoated orthodontic lingual retainer that will used for evaluation of bacterial adhesion to the retainer.
Group 2: Experimental group - It will consist of 15 orthodontic lingual retainers coated with photocatalytic AgO2 thin film which will be used for the evaluation of the bacterial adhesion to the retainer.
Group 3: Control group- It will consist of 15 uncoated orthodontic lingual retainers which will be used for the antibacterial assay.
Group 4: Experimental group - It will consist of 15 surface modified orthodontic lingual retainer coated with photocatalytic AgO2 thin film which will be used for the antibacterial assay.
Sample size calculation: has been done by Cochrane formula as depicted in Cochrane WG., (11).
n=(Za+Zß)2(d12+d221K)
?2
Where Za is the level of significance at 5% i.e 95% confidence interval=1.96
Zß is the power of test=80%=0.84, d1=SD of colony counts in group 3=0.17, d2=SD of colony counts in group 4=0.27
?=difference between two means=4.38-3.92=0.46, K=1, n=(1.96+
0.84)2 (0.172+0.272/1)
0.462
=3.77
n=15 samples in each group
Study Procedure
Bacterial strains: S. mutans strains will be used for adhesion and viability testing. These will be placed in a 5 mL de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C (1). The adhesion test involves transferring incubate 10% of an overnight cultured broth in 10 mL of MRS broth containing 10% sucrose for 24 hours.
Preparation of photocatalytic silver dioxide coated orthodontic lingual retainer: Sputtering techniques bombard a positive ions from an inert gas (argon) discharge on a solid cathode (target), removing surface atoms or molecular fragments and depositing them on a nearby substrate to produce a thin coating. Substrates will be pushed down to a specified process pressure in a vacuum chamber. Sputtering will be done on an orthodontic lingual retainer (substrate) with silver (Ag) as the target in this investigation. Surface atoms from the titanium target were expelled by a plasma created inside the vacuumed chamber and sputtered onto the lingual retainer (substrate) (1).
Evaluation of bacterial adhesion to lingual retainer: The lingual retainer will be ultrasonicated for 5 minutes into propanol and dried in a desiccator before the adhesion test to remove any potential macroscopic contaminations (1). The lingual retainer will be pre-weighted with an analytical balance and stored in an airtight container after being cleaned and sterilised in an autoclave. S. mutans culture broth will be inoculated at a final concentration of 10% in a sterile beaker containing 10 mL of MRS broth. Lingual retainer extending from canine to canine will then be immersed in suspension and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C under Ultraviolet A (UVA) within the Eppendorf tubes, a black light (Philips Electronics TLD15W/08, F15T8BLB, Blue Bell, Pa, USA) was used. To immobilise the germs, the lingual retainers will be gently taken out and submerged in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 30 minutes (1). The lingual retainer will be dried in a desiccator for 24 hours after a thorough cleaning with distilled water. An analytical balance will be used to record the weight change of the lingual retainer during the bacterial adhesion test.
Orthodontic lingual retainer antibacterial activity assay: S. mutans culture broth will be diluted with MRS broth until it attains an optical density of 1.0 at 660 nm. The 10 mL of the diluted bacterial suspension will be transferred to petridishes with uncoated and AgO2 coated lingual retainers. For 60 minutes, these dishes will be illuminated with a UVA black light with an intensity of 1.0 mW/cm2 inside the laminar air flow chamber (1). The 100 mL of the bacterial suspension will be serially diluted and plated onto MRS agar plates after illumination. The survival rate of S. mutans by colony forming units (CFUs) will be used to describe antibacterial activity.
Statistical Analysis
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 version and graph pad prism 6.0 version will be used. Chi-square test, unpaired t test, student’s t test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used for statistical analysis. The p<0.05 will be considered as level of significance.
EXPECTED OUTCOME/RESULTS
The photocatalytic AgO2 coated retainer reduces the prevalence of white spot lesions and enamel demineralisation surrounding the lingual retainer by preventing plaque adherence and accumulation.
Surface modification of stainless steel orthodontic brackets with photocatalytic AgO2 and titanium silver (TiAg) has yielded positive results to reduce the accumulation of plaque and microorganism (1),(2).
In an in-vitro investigation by Gilani RA et al., plaque samples from orthodontic patients were studied before and after orthodontic bands and arch wires were placed. The pH, carbohydrate content, and microbial populations of streptococci and lactobacilli were all measured in the samples. Orthodontic patients had a statistically significant decrease in plaque pH, as well as an increase in carbohydrate content and microbial populations in each milligram of plaque. When compared to groups with uncoated brackets, groups with surface-modified brackets had a statistically significant decrease in S. mutans survival expressed as CFU and log of colony count; where log of Colony Forming Unit (CFU) for uncoated was 3.99 compared to coated bracket with log value of 3.48 (1).
The effect of TiO2 coating on the anti-bacterial and anti-adherent properties of commonly used brackets was investigated in a study by Shah AG et al., They discovered that photocatalyst reactions of TiO2-coated brackets were anti-bacterial against S mutans. As a result, they concluded that photocatalytic TiO2 surface modification of orthodontic brackets can be employed to inhibit the formation of dental plaque during orthodontic therapy (2).
The study by Mhaske AR et al., was done to assess the antiadherent and antibacterial properties of surface-modified stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic wires with silver against Lactobacillus acidophilus. When compared to uncoated wires, orthodontic wires coated with silver had an antiadherent effect against L. acidophilus. Uncoated stainless steel and NiTi wires increased in weight by 35.4 and 20.5%, respectively, which was statistically significant (p=0.001), whereas surface-modified wires increased in weight by only 4.08 and 4.4% (statistically insignificant p>0.001). This study concluded that silver surface modification of orthodontic wires can be used to prevent dental plaque accumulation and the development of dental caries during orthodontic treatment (9).
An in-vivo study was conducted to assess carious lesion development related with fixed orthodontic therapy. Premolars that were set to be extracted as part of an orthodontic treatment were fitted with custom-made orthodontic bands. In the absence of fluoride administration, visible white spot lesions appeared within four weeks. Both micro-radiographic and Scanning Electrone Microscopic (SEM) studies revealed weakening of the enamel surface, indicating that the lesions lacked a surface layer. They came to the conclusion that enamel demineralisation associated with fixed orthodontic therapy is a very fast process induced by a high and constant cariogenic challenge in plaque formed around brackets and below ill-fitting bands. Although white spot lesions get remineralise and even disappear, the prime focus should be on preventing carious lesion development during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances (12).
The photocatalytic effects of AgO2 as a surface coating can benefit orthodontic patients by reducing microbial growth that causes periodontal disease and enamel decalcification.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/58773.17464
Date of Submission: Jun 30, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Aug 03, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Oct 21, 2022
Date of Publishing: Feb 01, 2023
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jul 01, 2022
• Manual Googling: Aug 26, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Oct 19, 2022 (17%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
- Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
- Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
- Academic Search Complete Database
- Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
- Embase
- EBSCOhost
- Google Scholar
- HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
- Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
- Journal seek Database
- Popline (reproductive health literature)
- www.omnimedicalsearch.com