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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Impact of Fluoride on the Corrosion Pattern of Pure Titanium and Titanium Alloy Combined with Nickel-Chromium Alloy and Gold Alloy: An In-vitro Study
Correspondence Address :
S Ramesh Raja,
2, Vinnavar Street, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli-627002, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: ramsking80@gmail.com
Introduction: Currently, Fluoride ions are added to commercially available tooth paste, mouth washes and cariostatic gels for their prophylactic action. However, the preventive effect may also be accompanied by the corrosive activity, through infiltration of fluoride-containing saliva in the contact between crowns and bridges or into the implant supported structure.
Aim: To evaluate the corrosion action of Sodium Fluoride (NaF) on Pure Titanium (PT) and its alloy coupled with Nickel-Chromium (Ni-Cr) alloy (NC) and Gold (Au) Alloy (GA).
Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics at Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. The duration of the study was six months, from April 2010 to September 2010. A total of 48 specimens were categorised under four groups. The four groups included for the study were pure group I (PT+GA), group II (PT+NC alloy), group III {Titanium Alloy (TA)+GA) and group IV (TA+NC alloy}. The specimens under each group were divided into half and were immersed in 100 mL of either artificial saliva or artificial saliva with 1000 Parts Per Million (ppm) fluoride. The current was passed at a scanning rate of 1800 mV/hour for 60 minutes and changes in corrosion potential were observed. The elemental release analysis test was conducted by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to quantitatively analyse the elements (metal ions) released in the test solution from the galvanic coupling alloys. In order to evaluate the corrosion behaviour, the surfaces of the specimens were examined with an optical microscope (Eclipse LV100D, Nikon, USA). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was done for intergroup comparison. Statistical significance was set at 5%.
Results: The mean value of corrosion of PT+GA and PT+NC was 13 μg/cm2 and 27 μg/cm2 respectively. The mean value of corrosion of TA+GA and TA+NC was 12 μg/cm2 and 24 μg/cm2 respectively, in artificial saliva without sodium fluoride. In the presence of sodium fluoride, the mean value of corrosion of PT+GA and PT+NC was 17 μg/cm2 and 60 μg/cm2 respectively, and the mean value of corrosion of TA+GA and TA+NC was 15 μg/cm2 and 41 μg/cm2. The PT and TA specimens coupled with NC alloy specimens showed more corrosion in saliva either with or without sodium fluoride compared to GA.
Conclusion: The NC alloy specimens coupled with PT and TA specimens showed severe pitting corrosion in artificial saliva containing sodium fluoride.
Electrolyte, Elemental release, Sodium fluoride, Titanium dioxide
Titanium and TA (Ti6Al4V) are known for its excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The ability of titanium metal to form a passive layer of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) on exposure to air is the reason for its superior corrosion resistance. Due to its superior corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics, and biocompatibility, PT and TAs are frequently utilised to create dental implants and orthodontic wires (1). In the mouth, the crown (or) superstructure placed over implant is usually made up of GA or NC alloy (2). The fluoride ion content of commercially fluoridated tooth paste, mouth washes (or) cariostatic gels is between 1000-10000 ppm (3). Yet, this strong anion’s preventive effect could be accompanied by the corrosion of metallic dental components. Corrosive attack could occur if fluoride containing saliva gets within the implant supported structure or if crowns and bridges come into contact with it (4).
Previously, studies have been done to investigate the corrosion resistance of GA and TA (5),(6),(7),(8),(9). However, there are no studies have been conducted, comparing the corrosive resistance of PT and TA, when coupled with GA and NC alloy. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate effect of fluoride ions on the corrosion behaviour, surface roughness and elemental release of PT and TA, when coupled with GA and NC alloy.
The present in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics at Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. The duration of the study was six months, from April 2010 to September 2010. The Ethical clearance was obtained from Rajas Dental College and Hospital (EC no: RDCH/EC/02/10).
Study Procedure
A total of 48 specimens were categorised under four groups. The four groups included for the study were pure group I (PT+GA), group II (PT+NC alloy), group III (TA+GA) and group IV (TA+NC alloy). The composition of the specimens, are mentioned in (Table/Fig 1). The 10x10x2 mm specimens were cut from the source metal, smoothed with silicon carbide paper Nos. 400 through Nos. 120 in sequence, degreased with trichloroethylene, and then washed with deionised water. The specimens under each group were divided into half and were immersed in 100 mL of either artificial saliva or artificial saliva with 1000 ppm fluoride contained in a beaker. The electrodes used and the different systems are mentioned in (Table/Fig 2).
The test solution (electrolyte) used was Fusayama-Meyer’s artificial saliva (1) and artificial saliva with 1000 ppm of NaF (Lobachemie, India). The pH of the artificial saliva was 5.3. The pH was measured with pH meter (pH ep, Hanna, Singapore). The pH of artificial saliva was adjusted to 6.4 by adding Sodium hydroxide (Lobachemie, India). The pH was set at 6.4 based on the study done previously (10). The second test solution was prepared by adding 1000 ppm of NaF to artificial saliva.
Galvanic corrosion study: By using corrosion tests, surface analyses, and elemental release analyses, the galvanic corrosion behaviour of PT and TA combined with GA and NC alloy was investigated. Platinum electrode served as the counter electrode and saturated calomel electrode served as the reference electrode (6). The test solution, which constituted 100 mL of the test, was placed in a 250 mL beaker along with the reference electrode, counter electrode, and the specimens. The current was passed at a scanning rate of 1800 mV/hour. For 60 minutes, the corrosion potential with immersion time was measured (Potentiostat/Galvanostat, VoltaLab 21 (PGP201 and Voltamaster 4), radiometer analysis Statistical Analysis System (SAS), France). The electrodes were then taken out of the test solution, given a gentle rinse in distilled water, and allowed to air dry. In order to evaluate the corrosion behaviour, the surfaces of the specimens were examined with an optical microscope (Eclipse LV100D, Nikon, USA). The elemental release analysis test was conducted by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (plasma quad ll, VG Elemental, Canada) to quantitatively analyse the elements (metal ions) released in the test solution from the galvanic coupling alloys (8). The amount of elements released was measured in μg/cm2.
Statistical Analysis
The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 {International Business Machines (IBM), Armonk, NY, USA}. Statistical significance was set at 0.05 levels. Test of normality distribution resulted in p-value <0.05. Hence, non parametric test were used for analysis. Intergroup comparison was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test and intragroup comparison was analysed using Mann-Whitney U test.
Corrosion test: In the presence of 1000 ppm fluoride, the metal surfaces of PT+GA and TA+GA did not exhibit any increase in surface roughness, according to the optical microscopic image of metals after galvanic corrosion. The PT+NC and TA+NC showed pitting corrosion in the presence of 1000 ppm fluoride and in the absence of fluoride. The size and number of pits was increased in the presence of fluoride. PT’s surface did not become rough even when fluoride was present, whereas, there was a slight increase in roughening on the surface of TA in the presence of fluoride (Table/Fig 3). The potential of PT and TA coupled with GA showed a decreased value in presence of fluoride (Table/Fig 4),(Table/Fig 5). The corrosion behaviour of PT and TA coupled with NC showed a marked decrease in potential in the initial 10 minutes time irrespective of fluoride presence, then attained a static level for the remaining time tested (Table/Fig 6),(Table/Fig 7). The very low potential of the PT and TA combined with NC in the presence of fluoride indicated that significant corrosion was taking place in this combination.
Elemental release: The mean elemental release by different groups is shown in (Table/Fig 8). The GA released in the test solution was more in presence of fluoride, when GA was coupled with PT and TA. The released amount of PT and TA was negligible when coupled with GA. The NC content of NC alloy release was much higher in presence of fluoride when NC was coupled with PT and TA. In presence of fluoride, the titanium release was higher when PT was coupled with NC than in any other combination. In (Table/Fig 9), the amount of elements released when PT and TA were combined with GA and NC and represented in μg/cm2 is shown. There was statistically significant difference (p<0.001) when titanium was combined with GA in comparison to combination with NC alloys.
Intergroup comparison: In the presence of artificial saliva alone PT+GA group when compared with PT+NC, TA+GA and TA+NC showed a p-value=0.002*, 0.180 and 0.002* respectively. Similarly, in the presence of artificial saliva and sodium fluoride, PT+GA group when compared with PT+NC, TA+GA and TA+NC showed a p-value=0.002*, 0.065 and 0.002*, respectively. It was found that, each group differ from other groups with statistical significance (p-value<0.05) except PT+GA and TA+GA where, there were no significant differences noted (p-value >0.05) as shown in (Table/Fig 10).
Intragroup comparison: It was found that, there were significant statistical differences seen between the two test solutions across all the groups (p-value <0.05). Mean elemental release was observed to be more in artificial saliva+NaF test solution when compared to only artificial saliva test solution (Table/Fig 11).
In the current study, corrosive resistance of PT and TA was compared after combining the materials with either GA or nickel chromium alloy. In the present study, titanium has been taken into consideration, because titanium has been shown to be a suitable biocompatible material for crown restoration (1),(2),(6). The biocompatibility of titanium implants is significantly influenced by the chemical characteristics of the oxide layer (2). Previous studies done on investigating the corrosion resistance of gold and TA is shown in (Table/Fig 12) (5),(6),(7),(8),(9). Fluoride containing dental gels and mouthwashes are being used more frequently to prevent dental cavities. Dental implants, especially those, that rely on low pH values for greater effectiveness, should be taken into account before using fluoride preparation in dental applications. In the place of NaF, fluoride-titanium (or) fluoride-hydrogen compounds were deposited on the titanium surface (11),(12). In the solution, sodium fluoride breaks down into sodium ions and fluoride ions. Depending on the pH of the medium, the fluoride ion can partially transform into hydrofluoric acid. The passive films on the titanium surface are damaged by the hydrofluoric acid (4).
In the current study, it was reported that, PT and TA showed decreased potential, which was in accordance to the study done by Mayouf AM et al., where, sodium fluoride concentration increased upto 0.1%, the fluoride ions attack on the titanium-dioxide passive layer resulted in its destruction by the development of the soluble titanium-fluoride complex combination (13). According to predictions, titanium will not corrode in an acidic solution with fluoride concentrations below 1000 ppm. TA have shown to exhibit higher corrosion resistance when compared to PT alloy (2),(4),(6). The severity of fluoride ion attack on titanium-di-oxide depends on its concentration and the pH level of saliva (11). Corrosion resistance of titanium was maintained in 2% sodium fluoride solution at pH>6.2. The oxide film on titanium metal and its alloys has two layers, an outer layer, that is porous and a dense interior layer. The corrosion resistance of titanium and its alloys are controlled by an acidic solution and the total fluoride concentration in the solution (4). GA coupled with titanium was an excellent couple with negligible corrosion. NC alloy showed unstable galvanic corrosion behaviour when coupled with titanium implant (14). Similarly, in the present study titanium combined with NC showed more corrosion when compared to Ti-Au group. This was in accordance with the study done by Reclaru L and Meyer JM, titanium coupled with GA cause negligible galvanism (15).
In an electrolytic environment, fluoride ions cause titanium to be aggressively attacked. This is because complex titanium-fluoride molecules are formed, and these molecules are extremely stable and soluble in an electrolytic solution. The titanium-tri and tetra halides frequently combine with oxidisable atoms to produce complexes.
Some halide complexes are (TiF6)2- and (TiF6)3-. The dissolution of titanium in the presence of fluorides was explained by the creation of these types of salts (16),(17). Saliva infiltration causes galvanic cells between dental alloys, which are followed by corrosion, between implants and implant supported structures (18). Titanium is resistant against corrosion and is used as a constructive material in corrosive environments. Its stability is due to the formation of passive surface oxide layer, which is absent in an acidic solution. PT and (Ti6Al4V) exhibited high resistances to the onset of localised corrosion (18). During the longer implantation time, the fluorine content of the titanium modified layer rose noticeably, and the surface elements were TiF3 and titanium-dioxide (19). The rate of passive oxide layer regeneration is a linear function of the dissolved oxygen concentration once the passive layer on titanium has been damaged by fluoride assault (20),(21). The addition of small amount of platinum (or) palladium to titanium is very effective in improving the corrosion resistance of titanium in sodium fluoride solution of various concentrations upto 2%. Surface alloying of titanium with palladium improved the corrosion resistance of titanium in highly acidic solution (22). Because of the low oxygen content, the regeneration of the passive oxide layer was delayed (1). The addition of platinum (or) palladium to titanium promoted the formation of titanium-di-oxide on the titanium surface resulted in the high corrosion resistance of titanium-platinum (or) titanium-palladium alloys. While the surfaces of TA containing palladium (or) platinum were undamaged, the acidic fluoride-containing saliva roughened the surfaces of PT and the (Ti6Al4V). This was supported by a study done by Klotz U and Heiss T revealed that, platinum showed more corrosion resistance (8). In low dissolved oxygen environment, the surfaces of PT and (Ti6Al4V) were damaged by corrosion. This increases the possibility in the stress corrosion cracking of a titanium implant (1). The protectiveness of titanium-di-oxide passive film formed on (Ti6Al4V) was destroyed by fluoride ions via the formation of Na2TiF6 when the sodium fluoride concentration was increased upto 0.1% (21). The concentration of fluoride affects how quickly the titanium-dioxide layer grows. At the oxide layer, internal pressures causing blister formation were found when fluoride was present (22). The composition of saliva including fluoride concentration and imperfections in the titanium surface influence the titanium-di-oxide formation and titanium passivity. The oxide film’s thickness has an impact on the procedure as well (23).
Limitation(s)
The limitations of the study were inability to analyse the biocompatibility of the metals used. Since, short time was implicated for assessing the corrosion behaviour, actual corrosion resistance values was not attached. Being an electopolarisation study, the ion analysis value couldn’t be detected accurately.
The PT and TA specimens coupled with NC alloy specimens showed more corrosion in saliva compared to GA indicating the use of GA crowns for superstructure with PT and TA implants. The NC alloy specimens coupled with PT and TA specimens showed severe pitting corrosion in artificial saliva containing sodium fluoride. Further research can be carried out on evaluating the biocompatibility, the application of PT and TA coupled with NC alloys in patients mouth and follow-up of patients to determine the success of these materials clinically.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/60768.18075
Date of Submission: Oct 20, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Dec 08, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Mar 20, 2023
Date of Publishing: Jun 01, 2023
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? NA
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
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AUTHOR DECLARATION: Author Origin
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