Epigenetic Mechanisms in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Mohammad Fareed,
Professor, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai-602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: fareed.research@gmail.com
The incidence of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has increased significantly in the last several decades, which is an important challenge for health professionals and researchers. The systems that mediate the interaction between environmental factors and the genes, such as epigenetics, may have a specific bearing on the aetiology of T2DM. With an emphasise on the part that epigenetics plays in the pathophysiology of T2DM, the present study attempts to give a thorough overview of the mechanisms behind disease initiation, possible biomarkers, and the consequences for T2DM. The findings suggest that β-cell malfunction, insulin resistance, and other metabolic abnormalities connected to T2DM are related to epigenetic alterations, which include histone modifications, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) methylation, and non coding Ribonucleic Acids (RNAs). Environmental factors that impact the development and course of the disease, including nutrition, exercise and pollution exposure, also have an impact on these epigenetic modifications. Knowing the complex interactions among genetics, epigenetics and environment is essential to pinpointing the precise aetiology of T2DM and creating customised treatment regimens. Epigenetic biomarkers could be helpful for risk assessment, early diagnosis, and tailored therapy for people with T2DM who are at risk or who have already been diagnosed. Future research must concentrate on unravelling the mechanistic understanding of the epigenetic pathways of T2DM in order to enhance therapeutic treatment and delve deeper into the pathophysiology of the condition.
β-cell dysfunction, Environmental influences, Epigenomic biomarkers, Insulin resistance, Metabolic regulation
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2025/72817.20508
Date of Submission: May 14, 2024
Date of Peer Review: Jun 21, 2024
Date of Acceptance: Oct 08, 2024
Date of Publishing: Jan 01, 2025
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: Funded by Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Saudi Arabia (Grant No.- 221412037).
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? No
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
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• Plagiarism X-checker: May 17, 2024
• Manual Googling: Oct 03, 2024
• iThenticate Software: Oct 05, 2024 (15%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
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